Continuing the Endocrine System 1 Glucocorticoids vs catecholamines a Glucocorticoids i Short term 1 2 3 Increase lipolysis a Increases free fatty acids Increase protein breakdown Fatty acids and amino acids make into glucose via gluconeogenesis 4 Anti inflammatory ii Long term 1 Reduced immune function 2 Muscle breakdown 3 Cardiovascular damage iii iv v vi Steroid Slower acting Intracellular receptors Regulate gene expression b Catecholamines Amines Derived from tyrosine Rapid acting i ii iii 1 Release is rapid Fight or flight response iv 2 Pancreas a Exocrine secretions acini i Acinar cells 1 Bicarbonate rich fluid 2 Zymogens 3 Into lumen of small intestine b Endocrine secretions i Pancreatic islets islets of Langerhans small islands of endocrine tissue scattered throughout the pancreas 1 Produce pancreatic hormones a Released into blood 2 Insulin beta cells a Antagonistic to glucagon b Stimulated by hyperglycemia i High levels of glucose in blood after a meal 1 More than 200 mg dl 2 200 mg 100 ml Cleaved to proinsulin Cleavage of C peptide results in mature insulin ii iii 1 Vesicles containing it fuse with membrane and are released c Stimulus hyperglycemia d Response lowers blood glucose levels 3 Glucagon alpha cells a Triggered by decreased blood glucose levels i ii Hypoglycemia less than 70 mg 100 ml In response released from alpha cells b 29 amino acids in length c Stimulus hypoglycemia d Response raises blood glucose levels 4 Somatostatin GHIH delta cells c Raises blood glucose d Acts upon liver i ii iii i e Insulin effects Stimulates glycogen breakdown into glucose Gluconeogenesis Releases glucose into blood Lowers blood glucose levels in 3 ways 1 2 3 Enhances glucose uptake Inhibits glycogen breakdown a Glucose made into glycogen Inhibits gluconeogenesis Stimulates amino acid and fat synthesis 3 Gonads and gonadotropins a Gonads ovaries and testes contain exocrine and endocrine functions Exocrine sperm ovaries Endocrine hormones b Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release gonadotropin releasing hormone ii i ii i ii GnRH GnRH peptide hormone GnRH stimulates release of hormones from gonadotropic cells in AP 1 Follicle stimulating hormone a Stimulates gamete production 2 Luteinizing hormone a Stimulates hormone production and secretion i ii iii Testosterone Estradiol Progesterone
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