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Geologic Time Order Family Species Ancestral Date Location Characteristics Paleocene 65 55 mya Plesiadapiforms Plesiadapis Purgatorius Carpolestes simpsoni Adapis magnus Adapids Notharctus Darwinius masillae Ida Eocene 55 8 33 9 mya Main point of primate evolution Oligocene 34 23 mya Omomyids 56 55 mya Strepsirhine ancestors Haplorhine ancestor Tarsier like form Haplorhine ancestors Haplorhine ancestor New World Monkeys Generalized Cattarhine Gibbon like form 47 mya 25 35 mya 25 35 mya 22 mya Purgatory Hill Montana Wyoming Europe North America Wyoming Fayum Site in NE Africa Egypt Africa Africa today only in Asia Generalized Ape 21 14 mya E W Africa 20 mya Africa Gibbons and siamangs 12 19 mya 9 mya 500 000 ya Europe during the Middle and Late Miocene China Vietnam India Size of a small rat Size of a small rat Generalized tooth morphology Only primate that possibly coexisted with dinosaurs Lacked stereoscopic vision Arboreal Frugivorous Opposable big toe w nail Big snout Smaller brain than modern lemurs Post orbital bar No bony cup No tooth comb Nails Smaller that adapis Big snout Inegrated molars Eyes forward and close together Small orbits diurnal See bolded terms in adapis magnus VCL Opposable thumb Nocturnal Juvenile Short snout No toilet claw Female Frugivorous and folivorous Complete post orbital bar Adapid like teeth More encloed orbits Foramen magnum under skull Reduced snout Carnivorous dentition and Insectivorous See bolded terms for Necrolemur 2 1 3 3 Dental Formula Bony Cup Arboreal Small Body Size Diurnal Reduction in snout Earliest canidates for hominids 2 1 2 3 Dental Formula Bony Cup Arboreal Buccal and lingual cingulum Tubular Canine Conical canine Y 5 Molars Buccal and lingual cingula No tail sacrum Long styloid process monkey like wrists Ape like premolar Diastema Not a brachiator IMB 100 MOSAIC EVOLUTION Challenges the legacy of the Preconsul Moves like modern apes Climbing arm hanging et cetera Oblong orbits No continuous brow ridge Inter orbital distance Incisor heteromorphy Scooped face Triangular nasal region Mosaic evolution Terrestrial quadruped Brachiator Likely related to gibbons and siamangs Shared cranial features with living African apes and early hominoids Largest ape ever Overlapped with hominins in Asia Necrolemur Tetonius Apidium Aegyptopithecus Dendropithecus Pronconsul Morotopithecus Dryopithecus Gigantopithecus Miocene 23 0 5 3 mya Hominoids Sivapithecus Orangutan 14 7 mya Europe and China Tribe Family Species Subfamily Promsimian primitive olfaction larger olfactory bulbs rhinarium elongated snout less stereoscopic no bony cup solitary smaller brain to body ratio vertical clingers leapers complete post orb bar Lemurs Madagascar adaptive radiation tooth comb toilet claw scent glands female dom Lorises tropical forests of Asia Africa nails eyes close together short snout all nocturnal in competition w monkeys solitary small groups eat insects Galagos Africa nocturnal males solitary females are in small groups mark territory by scent eats fruits birds insects Tarsiers small nocturnal dry nose no tooth comb have bony cup nails large eyes lack tapetum lucidum most carnivorous of primates hoppers not vertical clinger leaper considered a Haplorhini by some all others are Strepsirhini Anthropoids Haplorhini large brain body size reduce reliance on smell more on vision bony cup eyes move forward convergence longer gestation and maturation periods New world most are arboreal quadrupeds Family Callitrichidae Marmosets tamarins most primitive of anthropoids insects claw like nails except big toe some have dental pattern of 2 1 3 2 Family Cebidae some have prehensile tails groups of multi male and multi female w all ages Old world Catarrhini Africa Asia tropical forests to deserts to snowy areas terrestrial and arboreal larger than New World greatest variation Family Cercopithicidae terrestrial quadropeds arms legs equal in length Super Famiy Hominoidea omnivorous climbers orangutan is arboreal complex social behavior facial expressions complex vocalizations nests extended parental care Family Hylobatidae tropical areas SE Asia arboreal no tail fruit leaves insects monogamous pair reduced sexual dimorphism both Suborder Infraorder Superfamily sexes leave natal unit territorial brachiators bipedal on ground Family Pongidae orangutans arboreal solitary maybe bc of dispersed food resources large long birth intervals males not needed for Holocene 0 01 present protection little danger of predation Family Gorillinae largest forest regions of C Africa terrestrial knucklewalking sexual dimorphism in size Family Pongidae Chimps eq Africa knucklewalking Strepsirhines Prosimians Pleistocene 2 6 0 01 on ground brachiation in trees tool use Pan paniscus Bonobos Zaire river area omnivores more bipedal than chimp sexuality copulations during estrous cycle female dom Pliocene 5 3 2 6 Primate characteristics in common w mammals body hair long gestation mammary glands hedero dontism endothermy inc brain size Unique primate characteristics to use hands feet to grasp Miocene 23 0 5 3 perceive distance depth retained limb structure pentadactyl ancestral state prehensile clavical gives arm mobility lower limb bones unfused radius ulna and tibia fibula orthograde posture spine Oligocene 33 9 23 0 Tarsiers Eocene 55 8 33 9 angle to ground to help w sit stand leap Anterior shift of foramen magnum shows this nails tactile pads increased vasc ularization nerve supply reduced sense of smell smaller snout turbinate Paleocene 65 5 55 8 bones olfactory bulbs Made up in vision expansion of occipital lobe postorbital bar bony cup Convergence frontation approximation Elaboration of the brain Increase in brain fissures expanded mammalian pattern increased volume increased encephalization quotient brain size body size Increased socialization single births longer infant dependency life span learned behavior Primate Behavior Behavioral ecology Strategy behavior that s been selected for b c it increases overall fitness not necessarily conscious Social behaviors altruism selfishness mutualism gains for both spite loss for both Reproductive strategies life history theory characteristics of an organism s life cycle and how they affect quantity quality of reproduction whose central concept is energy allocation and tradeoff between needs of the number of offspring and their fitness Fast life histories r selected and slow life histories us Mother infant bond strongest relationship among primates


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UNC-Chapel Hill ANTH 143 - Notes

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