HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY DIVERSITY CHANGE ADAPTATION TIME GENETICS Controversies of the Living and the Dead What about Genetics and Anthropology Father Johann Gregor Mendel 1822 1884 Father Johann Gregor Mendel 1822 1884 Austrian priest who carried out an extensive series of experiments in plant breeding using pea plants Studied botany physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna His carefully tabulated results provided the basis of what we know about the mechanisms of genetic inheritance Mendel s experiments demonstrated a pattern of inheritance unknown before He showed that genetic information is inherited in discrete units genes Mendel showed that genes do not blend together in an offspring Proposed Principles of inheritance Paired hereditary factors Had an interest expression of traits in hybrids offspring of parents with dissimilar traits From his experiments Mendel concluded that parents contribute equally and an individual is the product of both parents Mendel s Laws Modern Evolutionary Synthesis Modern Evolutionary Synthesis Julian Huxley invented Evolutionary Biology Shows that modern genetics mimics Mendelian the term when he produced his book Evolution The Modern Synthesis 1942 Other major figures Statistics and Population Genetics R A Fisher Sewall Wright J B S Haldane Theodosius Dobzhansky Ernst Mayr Bernhard Rensch Sergei Chetverikov G Ledyard Stebbins Ecology and Genetics E B Ford Paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson Also includes the other forces on evolution Genetics Gene Flow Genetic Drift Mutation 1 13 2014 1 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis It states that All evolutionary phenomena can be explained in a way consistent with known genetic mechanisms and the observational evidence of naturalists Evolution is gradual Selection is overwhelmingly the main mechanism of change The genetic diversity carried in natural populations is a key factor in evolution In paleontology the ability to explain historical observations by extrapolation from microevolution to macroevolution is proposed Gradualism does not mean constant rate of change Stephen Jay Gould 1941 2002 Science historian Evolutionary biologist Ontogeny and phylogeny Punctuated Equilibrium Opposed Sociobiology Supported the separate teaching of religion Guest on Simpsons and 13th season finale and science dedication Niles Eldridge 1943 present Paleontologist Punctuated Equilibrium Critic of the selfish gene Punctuated Equilibrium Nils Eldridge Stephen Jay Gould Punctuated Equilibria An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism 1972 Punctuated Equilibrium Punctuated Equilibrium 1 13 2014 2 1 13 2014 Punctuated Equilibrium Kary Mullis 1944 Present Native N Carolinian Invented PCR in 1983 Allows for the amplification copying of segments of DNA Nobel Prize in 1993 for Site specific Mutagenesis along with Michael Smith Physical Anthropology Roots of Physical Anthropology In continental Europe anthropology Is not holistic It is what we call biological or physical anthropology Most anthropology departments institutes are located in medical schools Prehistory ethnography and linguistics are separate depts institutes Roots of Physical Anthropology In the US Boas attempted to integrate the cultural and biological aspects of human study Because of Boas his students physical anthropology is categorically located within the framework of social science Juan Comas American anthropology has come to mean the study of humans in the broadest sense Johann Frederich Blumenbach 1752 1840 German physician naturalist anthropologist Founder of Physical Anthropology Inventor of craniology 3 Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1752 1840 James Cowles Prichard 1786 1848 Proposed 5 human races all monogenic American Caucasian Ethiopian Malayan and Mongolian Degenerative Hypothesis Samuel George Morton 1799 1844 Divided man into four species European Asian African American Polygenism Used anthropometrics to study human variation 1 13 2014 English physician and anthropologist Studied race Like Darwin proposed that Adam was African Paul Broca 1824 1880 French physician and anthropologist Most well known for his work on language and the brain If both fail http cognitiveaxon blogspot com 2011 10 zombie brain language deficits html 4 Paul Broca 1824 1880 Beginnings of Primatology Before 1900 the focus of primate studies was anatomy Anatomy was used to understand the fossil record and our relationship to primates Edward Tyson 1650 1708 Thomas Henry Huxley Darwin s Bulldog Ernst Haeckel 1834 1919 Established first physical anthropology training laboratory Challenged John Ray s definition of a species Follower of Morton Developed new techniques for measuring cranium Published more than 200 articles on anthropology Born in Minden NW Germany Trained at universities of Heidelberg Bonn Kiel degree in Physics Came to the US in 1889 went to U of Chicago to assist Frederic Ward Putnam in preparing the anthropological exhibits for the Chicago World s Columbian Exposition of 1893 Franz Boas 1858 1942 Franz Boas 1858 1942 Became curator of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History Developed a research program Jessup North Pacific Expedition He developed an academic program of Anthropology at Columbia in 1905 Two in Physical Anthropology 1 Isabel Gordon Canter 2 Marcus Goldstein Boas Influence on Physical Anthropology Ales Hrdlicka 1869 1943 Migrant model same genes different environments He challenged the assumption of the stability hereditary characteristics under various environmental conditions Applications of statistical methods to the analysis of growth development Challenged notions on race Czech homeopathic physician Trained in Broca s Institute d Antropologie in Paris in 1896 Joined the Smithsonian in 1903 He made numerous collecting trips to Egypt Peru Aleutian Islands Robbed Native American graves in Alaska Aleutian Islands Increased Smithsonian skeletal collection to more than 12 000 human remains 1 13 2014 5 Ales Hrdlicka 1869 1943 Earnest Albert Hooton 1887 1954 He founded American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1918 the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1930 At the Smithsonian he trained a steady stream of researchers Davidson Black Fay Cooper Coale Earnest A Hooton Ralph Linton Influential teacher at Harvard Produced a generation of scholars who developed the field of physical anthropology He was a typologist A belief that all members of a racial group had a core of morphological traits in common This