1 10 2014 Evolution Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution T G Dobzhansky Change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next Genetic alterations within populations microevolution Genetic change resulting in the appearance of a new species macroevolution Evolution Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Concepts Necessary for the Development of Evolutionary Theory John Ray 1627 1705 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 Comte de Buffon 1707 1788 Erasmus Darwin 1731 1802 Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744 1829 Thomas Malthus 1766 1834 Georges Cuvier 1769 1832 Charles Lyell 1797 1875 Forerunners of Charles Darwin The Parade of Dead White Guys Concepts Necessary for Evolution The discovery of the New World challenged fundamental views about the planet Explorers encountered species that did not exist in the Old World Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Exposure to new plants and animals increased the awareness of biological diversity 1 English Naturalist and Minister trained at Cambridge Used ideas of catastrophism and stories from the bible to explain the creation of fossils John Ray 1627 1705 Species a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring Genus groups of related species Publication The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation 1691 Studied natural history to reveal the Grand Design God is in the details Provided the first definition of the concept of genus and species based upon physical similarity John Ray 1627 1705 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Change Diversity Adaptation Genetics Time Swedish naturalist Publication Systema Naturae 1735 Developed a system of classification and laid the basis for taxonomy Taxonomy the science of classifying and describing organisms Established use of binomial nomenclature for taxonomic classification Added two additional categories class and order Included humans in his classification as Homo sapiens Carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Separate Creation an idea that all creatures have been created independently by God Chain of Being all creatures can be organized into a hierarchy with Man occupying the most elevated rank beneath God 6000 years since the creation of the earth 18th Century Church Doctrine which Explained Biological Diversity CLASS Order Order Order Varieties Varieties Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Varieties Species Varieties Species Species Species Species Species Species Great Chain of Being Linnaeus s Nested 2 Dimensional Hierarchy God Man Species Species 1 10 2014 2 Stressed the importance of change in the universe Underlined changing nature of species Recognized that external environment could act as an agent of change in species Wrote Natural History 1st important scientific synthesis of English biology Scottish Geologist and Naturalist Uniformitarianism Proposed a theory of evolution very similar to Natural Selection Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon 1707 1788 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics James Hutton 1726 1797 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics British physician grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton Publication Zoonomia poetry about evolutionary concepts including human evolution Erasmus Darwin 1731 1802 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Organisms are finely adapted to their environments Relationship is dynamic so that environmental change generates biological change and adaptation Attempted to explain evolution Evolution of species was a response to need to use or disuse of organs and the changes produced in each generation were inherited inheritance of acquired characteristics Publication Systeme des Animaux 1801 coined the term biology Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck 1744 1829 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Lamarck s Hypothesis 1 The force of life tends to increase the volume of the body and to enlarge its parts 2 New organs can be produced in the body when a new want or need is present 3 Organs develop in proportion to their use 4 Changes that occur in the organs of an animal are passed on to their progeny Can anyone explain what is wrong with these laws Provide examples Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Through use neck of giraffe becomes longer and this trait is passed on to its descendants Lamarck s 4 Laws 1 10 2014 3 English clergyman and economist Publication An Essay on the Principle of Population 1798 Reproductive potential of an organism greatly exceeds the natural resources available to feed an expanding population Thomas Malthus 1766 1834 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics French paleontologist Opponent of Lamarck insisted on fixity of species Discovered fossils of ancient elephants mammoths whales and other extinct species in geological formations around Paris Discovered at least 90 extinct species Hypothesized that species went extinct due to a series of natural catastrophes catastrophism and that there had been at least four creations First to propose the concept of extinction to explain the disappearance of animals in the fossil record Georges Cuvier 1769 1832 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Cuvier Lamarck Fixity of species Separate creations Catastrophism Epochs Evolution of species Single creation Gradual change Humans evolved from higher apes Cuvier vs Lamarck Charles Lyell 1797 1875 Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Scottish scientist founder of modern geology Friend and mentor of Charles Darwin Publication Principles of Geology 1830 1833 Further developed principle of uniformitarianism Because these geological processes were known to be slow acting in the present they were also slow acting in the past thus suggesting that the earth was much older than estimate of 4004 BC Diversity Change Adaptation Time Genetics Four of the five concepts necessary for the development of evolutionary theory were in place by 1833 so if Darwin had not developed the theory someone else would have Concepts Necessary for Evolution Evidence for Evolution The fossil record provides evidence of evolution Comparison of living organisms provides further confirmation Laboratory and field studies of living organisms have documented evolutionary change Science and Evolution 1 10 2014 4 1 10 2014 Born into a wealthy British family grandson of physician Erasmus Darwin His father who was also a physician feared Charles would become a wastrel so he sent him to medical school in Edinburgh There