Types of Selection Continuous Trait Selections blood pressure etc Traits vary on continuum and are additive height Directional Selection Selection for one extreme Stabilizing Selection Selection against extremes values Disruptive Selection Selection for both extremes against middle Discrete Discontinuous Traits Traits are Mendelian either there or not Balancing Selection Selection against the homozygotes o o o o Important People of Evolution Sent On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Typologist and Teacher at Harvard produced influential students Austrian priest who carried out extensive testing on pea plants and Scottish scientist and founder of modern geology Further developed Czech homeopathic physician that robbed Native American graves in Scottish geologist and naturalist who supported uniformitarianism and British physician and grandfather of Charles Darwin Published poetry Swedish naturalist who laid the basis for taxonomy and added class and Recognized that external environment could act as an agent of change in Travelled on the Beagle to the Galapagos Islands First to propse natural Presented the migrant model which challenged race and the thought that the Character on Game of Thrones that can only say his name Hodor Thus Anne Ales Hrdlicka Alaska and the Aleutian Islands He also founded American Journal of Physical Anthropology and The American Association of Physical Anthropologists Alfred Russel Wallace Original Type to Darwin prompting him to publish The Origin of Species Carolus Linnaeus order to John Ray s genus and species Published Systema Naturae Charles Darwin selection in his publication of The Origin of Species Charles Lyell uniformitarianism Published Principles of Geology Comte de Buffon species and underlined this changing nature Wrote Natural History EA Hooton Erasmus Darwin about evolution called it Zoonomia Franz Boas environment and traits were independent Georges Cuvier French paleontologist that first proposed the concept of extinction to explain the disappearance of animals in the fossil record catastrophism Opposite of Lamarck fixity separate creations catastrophism epochs Tried to classify by race 3 Gregor Mendel proposed the principles of inheritance and paired hereditary factors He decided that an individual is a product of both parents and it I not simply mixing but inheritance Hodor Justice joked that he probably has a defective Broca s Region James Hutton proposed a theory very similar to natural selection James Ussher James Watson Francis Crick John Lamarck changes produced were inherited giraffe example Opposite of Cuvier evolution of species single creation gradual change humans evolved from higher apes Published Systeme des Animaux and coined the term biology John Ray to explain creation of fossils Provided first definition of genus and species based on physical similarity Published The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation Kary Mullis Niles Eldridge Paul Broca French physician and anthropologist that was most well known for his work on the brain talked about the Broca s region see Hodor Furthermore he established the first physical anthropology training lab developed new techniques for measuring the cranium and published 200 articles on anthropology Sherwood Larned Washburn researcher who published The New Physical Anthropology Stephen Jay Gould evolutionary biologist who supported punctuated equilibrium and the separation of teaching religion and science He also opposed sociobiology T Dobzhansky Evolution and Genetics and the Origin of Species Thomas Huxley Darwin s Bulldog Anatomist of vertebrates and nonvertebrates Concluded that birds were small ancestors of dinosaurs but well known for defending Darin s Natural Selection Thomas Malthus English clergyman and economist said that reproductive potential of an organism exceeds the natural resources available to feed an expanding population carrying capacity Published An Essay on the Principle of Population English naturalist and minister who used catastrophism ideas and biblical stories Religious scholar that said creation occurred on Sunday 23 Oct 4004 B C Paleontologist supported punctuated equilibria opposed selfish gene Hypothesized that evolution was based on dis use of organs and the A more modern appeared in The Simpsons science historian and Published Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Anthropologist paleoanthropologist primatologist and field North Carolinian that invented PCR Structure of DNA Acclimation Short term physiological responses to a stress usually within minutes or hours Acclimatization Long term physiological responses to a stress usually taking from days to months Short term Larger responses to changes in environment that are still reversible Developmental Acclimatization occurring during the development of an individual Adaptive radiation The formation of many new species following the availability of new environments of the development of a new adaptation Allele An alternative form of a gene Anthropometrics Study of human body measurement for use of classification Assortative mating Form of non random mating in which pair bonds are established on the basis of phenotype Balanced Polymorphism When two versions of a gene are maintained because organisms with both gene forms are more likely to survive than those with two copies of one form Catastrophism The theory that evolutionary changes occurred because of fast changes to the environment as opposed to uniformitarianism Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Consists of a phosphate group deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base Read in the 5 3 direction Endogamy The practice of marrying within a particular group Compare exogamy Exogamy The practice of marrying outside a particular group Compare endogamy Exon Intron Transcribed vs Untranscribed segment of DNA Gene A DNA sequence that codes for a polypeptide Gradualism Model of macroevolutionary change whereby changes occur at a slow rate Haplotype A combination of genes or DNA sequences inherited as a single unit Hemizygous Describes an individual who has only one member of a chromosome pair such as males having only one of the X chromosomes HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen Blood typing system must match in organ transplants very high variability Polygenic Polymorphic and Codominant Homologous chromosome Chromosomes that match up during meiosis Hypothesis A testable and falsifiable explanation for a phenomena Inbreeding Mating