Final Exam Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body Homeostasis Tendency of living things to try to maintain their structure and regulate their internal environments Negative Feedback Change in opposite direction compared to original feedback Positive Feedback Initial change in one direction sets off a series of events that intensifies a change in that same direction Pregnancy 1 Pressure on cervix 2 Pressure signal sent to hypothalamus 3 Hypothalamus tells post pituitary gland to release oxytocin 4 Uterus Contracts Oxytocin positive feedback Organization of the animal body Epithelial connective muscle and nervous tissues 4 Stomach green Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Tissues cells and or non cellular components o 1 Epithelial cells from continuous sheets called membranes cover body and line all body cavities FORM BARRIER A Columnar lining of lungs and blood vessels B Squamous Lining of trachea esophagus etc o 2 Connective surrounded by large quantities of extracellular substances between the living cells which are secreted from the cells of the connective tissue Cartilage collagen blood platelets ears and tip of nose Dermis skin fat cells adipose tissue blood and lymph tendons and ligaments holds together skeletal muscle bone contain ACTIN and MYOSIN cardiac muscle heart o 3 Muscle tissue specialized for contraction Cells that Many muscle cells lining up one and the other to o 4 Nerve specialized to generate and conduct electrical form a muscle fiber signals Nerve Cell Neuron Action Potential Organs Formed from two or more tissue types Different organs have different proportion of tissue types Circulatory System Parts of circulatory systems 1 Pump heart to keep fluid moving 2 Fluid that circulates blood 3 Channel vessels that fluid circulates through o 1 Open circulatory Systems o 2 Closed circulatory Systems o 3 NO circulatory System Vertebrate Circulatory System 1 Carry oxygen nutrients and waste 2 Distribute hormones 3 Regulate body temperature o Frost bite blood tends to stay in core for organs toes and extremities to lose blood flow 4 Prevent blood loss 5 Defend against disease Vertebrate Hearts 2 Chambers Fish 1 atrium and 1 ventricle 3 Chamber Amphibians and some Reptiles 2 atria and 1 4 Chambers Birds and Mammals 2 of each ventricle o Chambers are atria or ventricle Deoxygenated blood is blue Oxygenated blood is red to body Pulmonary Heart to lungs Systemic Heart to Body No known active oxygen transporters Systemic blood flow 20 air is Oxygen Deoxygenated blood flows from the body back to the heart Pulmonary blood flow Lungs to heart 4 chambered heart 2 chambers for deoxygenated heart 2 chambers for oxygenated o AV Valves Flow of blood through body Body right atrium right ventricle lungs left atrium left ventricle body Heart pumping action 1 Atria contract 2 Ventricles contract 3 Both relax Blood 1 Plasma a Proteins and hormones b Nutrients c Gases d Ions e Waste i Generated by all body parts ii Sugar is dissolved in the plasma of your blood 2 Cells major component of blood are red blood cells 5ml a Red blood cells i No nuclei ii They compromise 99 of all blood cells iii 1 ml of blood has over 5 billion RBCs teaspoon iv 90 days to 3 months lifespan v Concave shape vi AC1 blood test that looks at sugar levels over the vii Red because of hemoglobin polypeptide chains and viii 4 heme groups bind to oxygen more strongly for last 90 days Good measure for diabetes heme groups each successive heme group b Platelets not alive i Cell fragments 1 Blood clotting a Platelets form a plug b Thrombin produced from prothrombin c Fibrinogen fibrin d More platelets stick e Platelets contract capillaries venules veins heart 2 Blood vessels heart arteries arterioles 3 Arteries are organs because of 3 tissues 1 Where the exchange of wastes nutrients gases and hormones between blood and body cells occurs 2 Thin tubes with walls only one cell thick so that dissolved material can diffuse in and out 3 So narrow that RBCs must pass through them in single file 1 Venules and veins 2 Provide low pressure pathways for blood back 3 Walls are much thinner to the heart a Valves prevent back flow of blood b Muscles contract to help blood go up ii Capillaries iii Blood vessels i To increase overall blood pressure Plaque build up in the coronary artery blocking blood flow and Damage and death to heart tissue shown in purple oxygen to the heart Heart Disease 1 What is it who gets it 2 What causes it 3 How do you prevent it 4 How is it treated 5 What percentage of deaths in USA 6 What is a heart attack Respiratory System 20 oxygen 0 034 CO2 in atmosphere 4 5 exhale is CO2 Cellular Respiration Done by mitochondria Requires Oxygen Generates CO2 as a waste ATP energy generated during this process Respiratory System Requires large moist surface area Blood external environment interact o Capillaries are the site of gas exchange between the respiratory and circulatory systems Exchange of O2 and CO2 o CO holds on to O hard and do not let heme groups bind with oxygen Gases dissolve in moisture easier then exchange Mammalian Respiratory System 1 Conducting portion carries are into lungs o Mouth and nose pharynx chamber where mouth and nose meet shared by digestive and respiratory systems o Pharynx larynx first part of pathway exclusive for gas flow NO FOOD houses vocal chords o Larynx Trachea rigid tube leading to lungs cartilage rings provide support flexibility epiglottis blocks airway for food o Trachea bronchi 2 branches next to lungs o Bronchi bronchioles branch again through entire ling o Bronchioles alveoli small sacs Mucus lines cells of trachea traps dust either system swallowed or coughed up o Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries gases exchange by o Surrounded by capillaries diffusion here Emphysema disease where alveoli become brittle and rupture decreased area for gas exchange results 2 Gas exchange potion Alpha trypsin 30 of cancer death by lung cancer o Diseases associated with respiration include lung cancer and emphysema Both are induced by smoking cigarettes Bottom Line Smoking has many associated risks but it is not too late to quit Smoking and Health Passive smoking breathing second hand smoke Estimated to cause 3 000 deaths from lung disease and 37 000 deaths from heart disease in non smokers in the U S each year Nutrition and Digestion A nutritionally adequate animal diet satisfies three needs o 1 Fuel chemical energy o 2 Organic raw materials for biosynthesis especially carbon
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