I. Groups and Networksa. Simmeli. Dyad- group of two 1. Most intimate form of social life2. Mutually dependenta. If one person leaves, the group ends.ii. Triad- groups of three or moreiii. When a 3rd person joins…1. Possible roles:a. Mediator- the conflict resolver b. Tertius gaudens- one who profits from disagreement with the others c. Divide et impera- one who purposely breaks up the othersb. Simmel’s approachi. Small1. Single focus, informal, equality, face to face ii. Party1. Same as small, +multifocal iii. Large group1. Formal, status differentiationc. Cooley … i. Primary: 1. Intimate2. Face to face3. Strong influence ii. Secondary1. Impersonal 2. Exists as means to end d. Other Waysi. In groups/ Out groups (cliques)1. Useful in describing groups with power inequality ii. Reference Group1. A group useful for comparison2. The state fair… Can always fine someone earlierII. Social Networka. A set of ties between individuals b. Tie- set of stories explaining our relationship to each network member c. Narrative- sum of stories within a series of ties d. Embeddedness i. Refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths e. Strength of weak ties III. Social Capitala. Information, connections, and skills, that help individuals enter or gain power in networks i. Bridging- forming connections in different places (Catholics and Protestants)ii. Bonding- (Jehovah’s and Evangelical) IV. Organizations (not institutions)a. Social Network with a common purpose and a structure b. Have both culture and structure V. Deviance a. Any transgression of socially established norms i. Informal deviance- minor violations ii. Formal- crime VI. Crimea. Street Crimei. Committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty b. White-collar crimei. Committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business VII. Social Control a. Mechanisms that create normative compliance i. Following the rules of group life VIII. Informal Social Sanctions a. Unspoken rules of social life i. We are simultaneously agents and objects of social order ii. Foundation of formal social control IX. Formal Social Sanctions a. Rules/Laws expressly set forth by a society X. Functionalist Theories of Deviance a. Social cohesion i. How people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a daily basisXI. Durkheim on social cohesion a. Collective conscience i. Shared assumptions about how the world works b. Mechanism solidarityi. Based on samenessc. Organic Solidarity i. Based on difference and interdependence XII. Deviance and Social Controla. Punitive justice (mechanical)i. Making the violator suffer, thus defining boundaries and strengthening the collective b. Rehabilitative justice (organic)i. Examines specific circumstances of deviants, attempts to reform themXIII. Crime Reductiona. Deterrence theoryi. Philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits b. Recidivism i. Occurs when a one who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to crime XIV. Labeling Theory a. We notice how others see or label us b. Our reactions to those labels help form the basis of our self-identity c. Stigmai. Negative label that changes a person’s self-concept and social identity ii. Serious consequences d. Primary Deviancei. First act of rule breaking ii. Results in ‘deviant’ label e. Secondary deviance i. Subsequent acts of rule breaking occurring as a the deviant label XV. Broken Windows Theory of Deviance a. Social and environmental context and cues impact individual actions XVI. Merlon’s Strain Theory a. Deviance occurs when all members of society do not have equal abilityto achieve socially acceptable goals b. Conformistsi. Accepts the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals c. Rebels i. Don’t accept the goals of society of the means, so they create their own using new means d. Retreatistsi. Don’t accept the goals of society or the means e. Ritualists i. Aren’t interested in the goals of society, but accepts the means. f. Innovators i. Accept the goals of society, but look for new ways of achieving those goals QuestionAre stigma and labels more effective in societies that have mechanical solidarity or those that have organic solidarity? Explain your Answer. - In a sea of sameness, difference stands out. Deviance is about societies expectation and social norms and how people respond tosocial norms.Stratification- Systematic inequalities between groups of peopleo As a consequence of social processes, relationships. Views of Inequality- Rousseau o 18th century writero Private property creates social inequality, which leads to social conflict - Ferguson, Millar agree, but argue inequality is goodo It means some are getting ahead, creating assets - Malthuso Viewed inequality favorably, as a means of controlling populationo Equal distribution of resources would increase world population to unsustainable levels - Hegelo Master-slave dialectic Most social relationships based on master slave model Will die out as society gains more free people over time Standards of Equality - Ontological equality o Everyone is created equal in the eyes of God. o Does not take into account manmade or social structure. - Equality of opportunityo Inequality is acceptable if everyone Has the same opportunities for advancement Is judged by the same standards - Equality of conditiono Everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue their goalso Affirmative action – keeping in mind people’s past opportunities whenconsidering them for a job- Equality of outcomeo Everyone should end up with the same ‘rewards’ Regardless of the starting point, opportunities, contributions Forms of Stratification - Webero A class is a group characterized by common life chances and opportunities o STATUS HIEARCHY SYSTEM Based on social prestigeo Elite-mass dichotomy system Based on a governing elite- a few leaders who hold the power of society How are we stratified today?- Socioeconomic status o Refers to an individual’s position in a stratified social ordero Occupation, Wealth, Income, Education- Sociology Lecture: GenderE- I. Terms to know:E- A. Sex - Biological differences (like chromosomes, genitalia, and physical features).E- b. Gender - social structure consisting of a set of norms built around sex.- c. Sexuality - Sexual desires, preferences,
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