Learning ObjectivesInvertebrates Chapter 33Most Recent Hypothesis About Animal Phylogeny-fig 32.11Water movement through a sponge would follow what path?Pore> spongocoel> osculum Which of the following animals is responsible for more lethal attacks on humans each year?Cubozoans How many planes through the cecntral axis will divide an organism with radial symmetry into roughlyequal halves”? Many Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues-Porifera: Phyla Calcarea and Silicea -Live in both fresh and marine waters -Lack true tissues and organs-Asymmetrical body (no distinctive shape to it)Sponges-Sponges are suspension feeders-Filter water passing through their bodies -fig 33.4- From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoansCnidarians -A wide range of sessile and floating forms including jellyfish, corals, and hydras-Simple diploblastic, radial body plan-Body plan is a sac with a central gastrovascular cavity -Single opening serves as both mouth and anus -Mesoglea layer between epidermis and endodermis (gastrodermis) Cnidarian Body Plans-Polyp form is generally sessile-Medusa form moves freely in water by passive drifting and contractions of the bell-fig 33.5Defining Feature of Cnidarians -Cnidocytes -Unique cells that function in defense and the capture of prey -Stimulus causes the cell to evert releasing thread -Some cnidocytes sting, others just entangle prey -fig 33.6Cnidarian Diversity - Fig 33.7 - List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.- Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.- Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.- List the four classes of Cnidaria.Concept 33.3: Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms-fig 33.2 Flatworms-Phylum Platyhelminthes-Triploblastic development, but acoelomateClass Turbellaria -Have-Light-sensitive eyespots-Centralized nerve net w/ anterior ganglia -Gastrovascular cavity w/ 2-way pharynx -fig 33.9-fig 33.10 Class Trematoda-fig 33.11Tapeworms-Class Cestoda-Scolex attaches to the host -Proglottid are the reproductive structures -Break off after fertilization -fig 33.12Rotifers-Phylum Rotifera-Alimentary canal w/ separate mouth and anus-Pseudocoelomate-Reproduce by parthenogenesis -fig 33.13 - Distinguish between:o Diploblastic and triploblastic developmento Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomateso Gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canalo Protostome and deuterostome- List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.- Describe unique features of Rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.- Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.- List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.- Describe the basic body plan of a mollusk and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia, Cephalopodia, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.- List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.- Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.Concept 33.4: Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group- List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla.- Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.- Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by:o Cheliceriformeso Hexapodao Crustaceao MyriapodaConcept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes- List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.- Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.Chapter 35Plant Structure, Growth, and DevelopmentSecondary xylem is formed in association with the ___. Inner face of the vascular cambiumWhich of the following traits is not characteristic of parenchyma cells? Dead at maturityResult of Secondary Growth-Heartwood: older layers of secondary xylem-no longer transport water-Often clogged with resins-Sapwood: younger layers of xylem-still transports water-fig 35.22Bark-Bark-all the tissues external to the vascular cambium-Includes secondary phloem and periderm-Cork cambium-gives rise to the secondary [lant body’s protective covering, or periderm-Lenticels-Areas in the periderm where gas exchange with the outside air can occur -fig 35.22Concept 35.1: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells- Describe and compare the three basic organs of vascular plants.- List the basic functions of roots. Describe root hairs.- Describe the basic structure of plant stems.- Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance.- Describe the structure and function of five types of modified roots.- Describe the structure and functions of four types of modified stems.- Describe the structure and function of five types of modified leaves.- Describe the three tissue systems that make up plant organs.- Describe and distinguish between the five basic cell types in plants.- Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell.Concept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for new organs- Distinguish between the primary and secondary plant body.Concept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots- Describe in detail the primary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.Concept 35.4: Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants- Describe in detail the secondary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots.- Name the cells that make up the tissue known as wood. Name the tissues that comprise the bark.Chapter Learning ObjectivesChapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular PlantsWhat powers a proton pump? ATP hydrolysis The value for Psi in root tissue was found to be -0.15MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1M sucrose solution (Psi= -0.23), net water flow would ___. Be from the tissue to the sucrose solutionIf Psi p= 0.3MPa and Psi s = -0.45MPa, the resulting Psi is ___.Which of the following traits is characteristics of collenchyma cells? High numbers in young stemsHow does water make it from the soil to the leaves in tall trees during the day? Pulled up from the leavesWhich of the following could not
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