TEST 3Plant diversity II: The Evolution of Seed PlantsChapter 30Concept 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for the life on landCharacteristics common to all seed plants1. Seeds2. Reduced gametophytes3. Heterospory4. Ovules-females gametophyte is housed5. Pollen-male gametophyte is housedGametophyte/sporophyte relationships- Figure 30.2- Gametophytes of seed plants develop with in the walls of spores retained within the tissues of the parent sporophyte- No longer dependent on water for fertilizationOvules and Production of Eggs- An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments- Figure 30.3aPollen and Production of Sperm- Microspores develop into pollen grainso Contain male gametophyte- Pollen can be dispersed by air or animals, eliminates the need for water in fertilizationIf a pollen grain germinates,…- It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule- Figure 30.3bA seed- Develops from the whole ovule- Includes sporophyte embryo(2n), food supply(female gametophyte tissue)n, protective coat(derived from the integument)- Figure 30.3cClicker: Which does not apply to gymnosperms or angiosperms?1. Vascular tissues2. Diploid dominance3. Single spore type***4. Cuticle with stomataClicker: In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into ______.1. Ovules2. Seeds3. Pollen grains***4. AnthersConcept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on conesGymnosperms include….- Phylum Cycadophytao Sago palms- Phylum Gingkophytao One species called gingkophylota- Phylum Gnetophyta- Figure 30.5- Phylum Coniferophytao Pineso Firso Juniperso Sequoias A Closer Look at the Life Cycle of a gymnosperm- Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle include1. Dominance of the sporophyte generation2. The role of pollen in transferring sperm No water required3. The development of seeds from fertilized ovules Pine life Cycle- Figure 30.6Clicker: How many generations are represented in the seed of a gymnosperm?1. 12. 23. 3***4. 4Clicker: Gymnosperms include ______.-Cycads, conifers, ginkgo, biloba, and gnetophytes***Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits- Angiosperms, a.k.a, flowering plantso “covered seeds”- Derived traits are the reproductive sturctures called flowers and fruits- The most widespread and diverse of all plantso 250,000 specieso 90% of all extant plant speciesAngiosperm Diversity- Figure 30.12- From Figure 30.13- Monocots(parallel veins) and dicots figure 30.13-Clicker: One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that ___.1) only angiosperms reproduce sexually 2) only angiosperms produce fruits**3) only angiosperms produce seeds4) only angiosperms produce woodClicker: If an angiosperm plant embryo contains two seed leaves, the plant is a ___.1) Monocot2) Eudicot**3) Bryophyte4) ConiferFlowers- Specialized for sexual reproduction- Specialized shoot with modified leaveso Sepals: enclose the flowero Petals: brightly colored, attract pollinatorso Stamens: produce pollen (male)o Carpels: produce ovules (female)oFruits:- A mature ovaryo Ovary matures after fertilization of ovules- Can be carried by wind, water, or animals, enhancing dispersaloThe Angiosperm Life Cycle - Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte with in an ovuleso 1st sperm fertilizes the eggo 2nd sperm combines with 2 nuclei in the center cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of endosperm- Endosperm nourishes the developing embryo-Clicker: Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following traits in common except: 1) seeds2) pollen3) vascular tissue 4) ovaries***5) ovulesClicker: With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?1) Egg Cell-n2) Megaspore-2n***3) Microsporocyte-2n4) Endosperm-3nCHAPTER 35: Plant Structure, Growth and DevelopmentConcept 35:1: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues and cellsThe Tree Basic Plant Organs- Plants draw nutrients from 2 very different environments: below ground and above ground- Three Basic organso Rootso Stemso Leaves- Organized into the root and shoot systemoRoots:- An organ that anchors the vascular plant- Absorbs minerals and watero Absorption occurs near root tipso Root hairs increase the surface area of the root- Stores organic nutrients oStems:- consists of: o Nodes- points at which leaves are attached o Internodes-segment between nodeso Axillary buds- potential to form lateral shoot (i.e, branch)o Terminal bud- located at shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot oLeaves: - The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants- Consist of:o A flattened bladeo The petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stemSimple vs. Compound Leaves- Simple leaf: a single, undivided bladeo Some may have deep lobes- Compound leaf: blade consists of multiple leaflets- Doubly compound leaf: each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets-The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and Ground- Dermal: consists of the epidermis and periderm- Vascular: carries out transport of materials between roots and shootso Xylem: conveys water and minerals up from rootso Phloem: transports organic nutrients from sources (originating from) to sinks (where its going to be used)o Ground tissue: various functions including storage, photosynthesis, and supportoDifferentiated Plant Cells- Parenchyao Thin flexible 1° cell walls; alive at maturity; carry out most metabolism with in a plant- Collenchyma o Unevenly thickened, but flexible 1° cell walls; alive at maturity; supports young growing stems- Sclerenchymao Thick, rigid 2° cell walls; dead at maturity; provides support-- Xylem: conducts water and minerals from rootso Tubular Cells; dead at maturity Tracheids: thin, tubular cells; cell walls contain pits (thin regions with only 1 degree cell walls) Vessel elements: short, wide tubular cells- Phloem: conducts organic compounds o Sieve- tube members: conducting cells; alive, but not many organelleso Companion cells: nonconducting cells; alive and supports sieve-tube membersClicker: Unlike collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue does not function in____.1) Support***2) gas exchange 3) nutrient exchange 4) both gas exchange and nutrient exchangeConcept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growthMeristems- Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and in the buds
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