Concept 30.1: Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on landGametophyte/Sporophyte RelationshipsOvules and Production of EggsPollen and Production of SpermA SeedConcept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on conesGymnospermsLife Cycle of GymnospermsConcept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruitsFlowersFruitsAngiosperm Life CycleConcept 35.1: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cellsThe Three Basic Plant OrgansRootsStemsLeavesSimple vs. compound LeavesThe Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and GroundDifferentiated Plant CellsXylemPhloemConcept 35.2: Meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growthConcept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shootsPrimary GrowthLateral RootsPrimary Growth of ShootsOrganization of Primary Tissues in Young StemsConcept 35.4: Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plantsSecondary growthResult of Secondary GrowthBarkConcept 36.1: Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plantsConcept 36.2: Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distancesSelective Permeability of MembranesProton PumpsSolute Transport in Plant CellsOsmosisConcept 36.3: Transportation drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylemTransportation Routes between CellsLateral Transport in RootsPulling Xylem SapTranspiration PullCohesion and AdhesionPushing Xylem Sap: Root PressureConcept 36.4: The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomataStomata: Major Pathways for Water LossOpening and Closing the StomataConcept 36.5: Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloemMovement from Sugar Sources to Sugar SinksLoading Sucrose into PhloemPressure Flow: The Translocation MechanismConcept 37.1: Soil contains a living complex ecosystemTexture and Composition of SoilsSoil HorizonsAvailability of WaterAvailability of Mineral IonsLeachingConcept 37.2: Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle.Essential Plant ElementsLimiting NutrientsConcept 37.3: Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms.Soil Bacteria and Nitrogen AvailabilityBacteria and Symbiotic Nitrogen FixationRoot Nodules on LegumesMycorrhizae and Plant NutritionConcept 38.1: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle.Flower StructureReproductive VariationsPollen: The Male GametophyteEmbryo Sac: The Female GametophytePollination & FertilizationMechanisms Preventing Self-FertilizationDouble FertilizationFrom Ovule to SeedEndosperm DevelopmentSeed StructureFrom Ovary to FruitFrom Seed to SeedlingChapter 30: Plant Diversity II: TheEvolution of Seed PlantsConcept 30.1: Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land- Characteristics common to all seed plants:o Seedso Reduced gametophyteso Heterospory—some spores develop into a female gametophyte and others develop into a male gametophyteo Ovules—where the gametophytes are produced and housed in seed bearing plantso PollenGametophyte/Sporophyte Relationships- Figure 30.2- Gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte- No longer dependent on water for fertilizationOvules and Production of Eggs- An ovule consists of a megasporangium (2n), megaspore (n), and protective integuments- Figure 30.3aPollen and Production of Sperm- Microspores develop into pollen grainso Contain male gametophyte- Pollen can be dispersed by air or animals, eliminates the need for water in fertilization- If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovuleo Figure 30.3bA Seed- A seed develops from the whole ovule- Includes sporophyte embryo, food supply, and protective coato Figure 30.3c- Clicker Q: Which does not apply to gymnosperms or angiosperms?o Vascular tissueo Diploid dominanceo Single spore type**o Cuticle with stomata- Clicker Q: In seed bearing plants, microspores develop into pollen graisn.Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on conesGymnosperms- Gymnosperms include:o Phylum Cycadophyta (i.e., sago palms)o Phylum Gingkophytao Phylum Gnetophytao Figure 30.5o Phylum Conifers Conifers—cone-bearing gymnosperms Pines, firs, junipers, and sequoias Figure 30.5Life Cycle of Gymnosperms- Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle include:o Dominance of the sporophyte generationo The role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules No water requiredo The development of seeds from fertilized ovules- Pine Life cycleo Figure 30.6- Clicker Q: How many generations are represented in the seed of a gymnosperm? 3 generations- Clicker Q: Gymnosperms include Cycads, conifers, Ginkgo biloba , and gnetophytes.Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits- Angiosperms, a.k.a., flowering plantso “Covered seeds”- Derived traits are the reproductive structure called flowers and fruits- The most widespread and diverse of all plantso 250,000 specieso 90% of all extant plant species- Angiosperm diversityo Figure 30.12o Figure 30.13 Example test question: the following four characteristics are found in the ___ what is the exception?Flowers- Specialized for sexual reproduction - Specialized shoot with modified leaveso Sepals—enclose the flowero Petals—brightly colored, attract pollinatorso Stamens—produce polleno Carpels—produce ovules- Figure 30.7—reproductive parts of a flowerFruits- Fruits—a mature ovaryo Ovary matures after fertilization of ovules- Can be carried by wind, water, or animals, enhancing dispersal- Figure 30.8- Figure 30.9Angiosperm Life Cycle- Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovuleo 1st sperm fertilizes the eggo 2nd sperm combines with two nuclei in the center cell of the female gametophyte and initiates the development of the endosperm- Endosperm nourishes the developing embryo- Figure 30.10- Clicker Q: Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following traits in common except:o Seedso Pollen All seeded plants produce polleno Vascular tissue There are seed-bearing vascular plantso Ovaries**o Ovules - Clicker Q: With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?o Egg cell—no Megaspore—2n** Spores are always haploid due
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