Test 3 1 Fungal Phylogeny a 5 Main groups represents one lineage splitting into two new ones called a SPECIATION event b Chytrid Fungi i Most ancient division of fungi today ii Aquatic only fungi with flagellated spores iii Reproduce asexually and sexually iv Saprobic Majority Actively decompose nonliving entities v Parasites a few c Zygomycota Fungi zygospore i Called the Zygote fungi ii Characteristically produce this reproductive structure called a 1 Has a very thick cell wall 2 Zygospore called a Resting diploid state that is highly resistant structure that undergoes periogamy iii Life cycle of a zygomycete picture in lecture 1 Slightly more nutritious with the funguus on breat 2 2 different parts of the life cycle a Can be sexual or asexual like we learned in last section 3 Sporangium structure that produces spores emerges from the zygosporangium to produce haploid spores d Glomeromycota i About 230 species ii Fungi that form mycorhizal associations iii Apart of 90 of plant roots found today plants take the nutrients broken down by the glomeromycota fungi iv This groups supports the hypothesis that fungi came to land first then plants took advantage of the nutrient harvesting of fungi and became terrestrial one another and enter the plants roots v Mycorrhizal Associations when the roots and fungi connect to vi Fungus is most interested in taking sugar from the root cells and the plant gets many nutrients it needs from the soil that it otherwise wouldn t be able to acquire fungi cant fix nitrogen like bacteria vii CANNOT do sexual reproduction viii During asexual reproduction clusters of spores are produces my mitosis and remain outside the host plant cell at the tips of hyphae 1 when the spores germinate hyphae grow into the surrounding soil and penetrate new plant roots 2 Variation comes much slower only through mutation e Ascomycota fungi i Sac Fungi 1 The structure they produce during sexual reproduction 2 The sac is just as characteristic to these fungi as DNA sequencing is 3 Sac called Ascus which contains several haploid 4 ascospores In these sac we observe meiosis taking place periogamy taking place and Exactly 1 round of mitosis 5 Septa present Septa pores between cells in hyphae structure 6 There are exactly 8 spores in each ascus 1 Found in oak trees roots 2 The sexual reproductive structure of the fungus called ii Truffles as ascocarp iii Scarlet cup fungus iv Ascomycota Life cycle 1 Another example of an ascomycota fungi 1 Opposite mating types with the right conditions produce an heterokaryotic ascocarp fruiting body produces a diploid ascus which undergoes periogamy and produces after meiosis 8 ascospore which germinate and become new hyphae 2 They can also reproduce asexually a The spores produced in asexual reproduction are not enclosed in sacs 1 Usually reproduce sexually septa present 2 A small number only reproduce asexually 3 Form a structure called a basidium the reproductive structure ii A massive division of fungi iii Many produce toxins iv We determine the single cell fungi s division by DNA sequencing since it doesn t produce any of these unique fruiting bodies v Basidiomycota Lifecyle 1 They produce a basidium in which karyogamy and meiosis take place 2 Opposite mating types conditions just right 3 Cells of the hyphae fuse together heterokaryotic cell and 2 different nuclei join together karyogamy The heterokaryotic phase can last YEARS f Basidiomycota Fungi i Club Fungi 4 Undergoes meiosis after karyogamy then produces spores that germinate and form hyphae of different genetic variation 5 The diploid nucleus forms 4 basidiospores vi Fairy ring example 1 Heterokaryotic mycelium sit underground for years then under the right conditions they rapidly divide and form those heterokaryotic fairy rings which are the fruiting bodies 2 What is the ploidity some are diploid and some are haploid like the spores 3 Plasmogamy took place at the center of the fairy ring under which the mycelium grew in the circe vii Form a cap which produces gills genereally where the basidiospores are located viii The basidia are heterokaryotic 2 Understand fungal lifestyle a Use absorption to obtain their food b Three variations depending on the food type i Saprobes ii Parasites iii Mutualists organisms 1 Decomposers of dead material most fungi 1 Fungi which grow on living organisms 2 3 plants are far more effected by fungi than we ever could the host is harmed and the fungi benefits be Our crops are very susceptible to fungal infections 1 Fungi that live interdependently with photosynthetic 2 Both benefit from the symbiotic relationship 3 EX Lichens a A symbiotic relationship between a fungal species and either a cyanobacteria or a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote They cannot live alone from one another The algae get nutrients from the fungi and the fungi gets sugar 4 EX mycorrhizae a Symbiotic relationships between fungi and the b Endomycorrhizal the fungus grows INTO the roots of a plant roots c Exomycorrhizal the fungus grows around the roots and serves the same function d Fungi send plants water minerals and nutrients e Fungus GETS sugars c KNOW THE 5 divisions of fungi and their charachteristics 3 Most Antibiotics come from FUNGI 4 Yeast a Unicellular fungi b Feed by absorbtion c Have a cell wall composed of chitin d Good yeast bread and beer e Bad yeast Thrush and Vaginal infections f Fungi can naturally produce antibiotics to kill their competitors Plant Reproduction Anatomy and Physiology 1 Flowers mostly diploid cells 2 Aspb powerpoint slides for the quiz publications teachingtools WHYSTUDYPLANTS 3 Plant Reproduction a Asexual reproduction i Fragmentation b Sexual reproduction 1 No genetic variation different ii Produces genetic variation i Combines genes from 2 different parents offspring genetically 1 Doesn t produce the most variation mutations are the ultimate source of variation iii The sporophyte 2n produces flowers the sexual reproductive structures of plants come from preexisting cells undergoing mitosis iv The flower has both male and female parts v Those cells undergo meiosis to turn into microspores and megaspores which are haploid vi The microspores do mitosis and differentiation and become haploid sperm cells vii The megaspore undergoes the same process and then forms the femal gametophyte embryon sac and egg cell haploid and multicellular viii Then the sperm and the egg form and form a diploid zygote ix The ovary is where the female gametophytes are
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