Exam 4 Study Guide Disclaimer I am not guaranteeing that all exam content will be on this study guide The questions and statements in this study guide are there to help frame a context to think about content from each lecture I would recommend stepping through each question finding relevant slides in the posted lectures and looking up relevant terms in the textbook corresponding chapter or index I am happy to answer some questions via email but I strongly encourage students to also seek out alternative ways of learning e g YouTube videos such as Kahn Academy Wikipedia etc Remember learning is not limited to the classroom Sex Hormones Terms to know definitions gonads Mullerian system Wolfian system Mullerian inhibiting substance castration puberty lordosis intersex gender Gonads male testes release more testosterone and female ovaries release more estradiol Mullerian system precursor to internal female parts Wolffian system precursor to internal male parts Male and female external parts genitals develop from the same precursor Mullerian inhibiting substance 3rd month of male fetal development causes the Mullerian system to degenerate and the testes to descend into the scrotum Castration gonads removed XX and XY fetuses all develop Mullerian system Puberty Puberty marks the beginning of an adolescent growth spurt fertility and secondary sex characteristics Female average age 10 years male 11 years Lordosis the intromission facilitating arched back posture that signals female rodent receptivity one type of behavioral estrus receptiveness to mating Intersex those with sex characteristics not strictly male or female Gender one s personal and preferential identification with either male female or neither Gender is not tied to anatomy and physiology What are hormones Which of these are sex hormones Hormones are chemicals that are synthesized and excreted by glands of the endocrine system into the circulatory system blood 1 Amino acid derivatives 2 Peptides and proteins 3 Steroids sex hormones belong to this Androgens more prevalent in males e g testosterone Estrogens more prevalent in females e g estradiol Progestogens important for preparing uterus and breasts for pregnancy e g progesterone function in men remains unclear How does the endocrine system differ from the exocrine system Exocrine glands release their chemicals into ducts which carry them to their targets mostly on the surface of the body e g sweat glands Endocrine glands ductless glands release their chemicals which are called hormones directly into the circulatory system e g stomach liver intestine and body fat Know the difference between developmental organizational and activational roles of hormones Developmental organizational long lasting anatomical physiological and behavioral changes most prominent in early development Activational temporary effects activating the reproduction related behaviors typically not limited to specific time periods How are primary and secondary sex characteristics different Primary sex characteristic development pertains to the formation of reproductive systems e g testes or ovaries The default mode for any developing fetus is to take on female characteristics vagina uterus fallopian tubes Testosterone needs to be present for male parts to develop seminal vesicles vas deferens Secondary sex characteristics structural changes that distinguish sexually mature men and women from children Dependent on relative androgen estrogen levels What is the function of the SRY gene and its SRY protein Sex determining Region on the Y chromosome Sry protein causes the medulla internal core of each primordial gonad to grow and develop into a testis outer covering of primordial gonads will develop to ovaries if not inhibited the testes secrete testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting substance What is the master gland and why is it called this Pituitary gland Many secondary sex characteristics are spurred by pituitary gland The pituitary gland releases tropic hormones which can affect how other glands release hormones During puberty gonadotropins are released into the blood which tell the gonads to release estrogens and androgens During puberty genitals undergo maturation from gonadal hormones The pituitary releases other hormones Adrenocorticotropin hormones ACTH which affect the adrenal gland can affect hair growth Growth hormones affect bones and contribute to the growth spurt seen in adolescence Know the biological systems affected in CAH AIS Swyer s not in book slides and La Chappelle syndromes not in book slides Biological sex is not binary CAH Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Typical development ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone releases cortisol from adrenal gland Cortisol is a dimmer switch for ACTH release via negative feedback CAH development A gene codes for less than normal levels of cortisol release Pituitary does not receive adequate cortisol thus more ACTH is released Hyperactive adrenal gland continues to release excessive androgens like testosterone Result Over development of external genitalia Excess of androgens leads to masculine external genitals Behaviors tomboyishness CAH girls prefer boys toys more often than do non CAH girls less so than boys AIS Androgen insensitivity syndrome During developmental organizational periods testosterone from testes is not sensed by body Testes develop internally albeit external male genitalia do not Externally individuals appear to be genetic females Genetically male Infertility No ovaries no external genitalia No differences in masculine or feminine behavior between AIS affected and females XX male la Chapelle syndrome A chromosomal mutation in sperm with X contains SRY genes SRY develops testes even though the individual is genetically female Although sterile lacking sperm production these individuals tend to behave as stereotypical boys and men XY female Swyer syndrome SRY mutation produces streak testes underdeveloped In early childhood individual appears to be normally developing female Streak testes no testosterone Wolffian undeveloped Mullerian system develops albeit no ovaries Swyer is usually noticed in puberty because lack of secondary sex characteristics Breast development pelvic widening etc can be aided with estrogen and progestin treatment but the person is still infertile Sleep Terms to know definitions zeitgeber entrainment cataplexy circadian rhythm Zeitgeber cues from the environment used to entrain an animal s sleep wake Entrainment the