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U of M PSY 3061 - Neuroanatomy I

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PSY 3061 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last LectureI. Charles DarwinII. Inheritance of behaviorsIII. GenesIV. What are genesOutline of Current LectureI. Continuation of last lectureII. Division of the nervous systemIII. Two classes of neural tissueIV. Blood-brain barrierV. Cerebrospinal fluidCurrent LectureI. Continuation of last lectureA. DNA of a chimp and that of a human differ by only 1.2%. These similaritiesallow us to look at other species’ behavior and see how they differ from oursB. A species classification is given to a group that can reproduce within the groupC. Genetic differences1. Replication is the process by which cells multiply2. Meiosis: replication of cells in the gonads (ovaries or testes) to producegerm cells (sperm, egg-oocyte); special kind of reproductiona) these cells are only half the chromosomes and need to combinewith their opposite sex counterpart in order to create a person3. Random mutations can occur in replication of DNA 00> the passing of new copies onto the next generation4. Mutations get passed on to the next generationa) if the mutation has a selective advantage and reproduce n future generations it helps with resilience ot certain diseases, heightened sense of smell, or more attractiveness to potential mates5. Evolution: origin of different species and differences within speciesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a) variation in the genetic pool (genes to choose from in a species)arise from mutations in DNAb) mutations may change the shape, color, size, function, etc. of the organismc) if it is a helpful mutation, it may be passed on to future generationsd) even with certain species, there will be a lot of variatione) because of homologous features (similar anatomy, physiology, etc.) across species, a great deal that is learned by studying nonhuman species can be applied to humansf) no two individuals within a species are exactly the same in terms of their genes and environment —> there will always be differences amongindividuals in their cognition and behaviorII. Division of the nervous systemA. Nervous system1. central devision (CNS): brain and spine2. peripheral division (PNS): sensory and motor nerves; allow brain to send messages in bodyIII. Two classes of neural tissueA. nerve cells (neurons)1. excitable tissue capable of transmitting electoral impulses; ~868 in the brainB. glial cells (glia)1. support neuronal structure and function2. prevent brain from crumbling apartC. neurons vs other cells1. have the ability to send/receive charge-impulsies2. high metabolism3. most neurons form during fetal development and play a functional role into elderly stages4. unable to divide (non-mitotic)D. neuronal structure1. soma: cell body2. dendrites: branches, input zonea) axons are different than dendritesb) usually only one axon per neuronc) dendrites receive and carry electrical impulse towards the somad) axons carry electrical impulse away form the somae) axons can be any length while dendrites are usually short3. axon hillock: action potential origin4. axon: conduction zone5. axon collateral: branching of axon6. axon terminals/boutons7. myeline and nodes of ranvierE. Directional neuron classification1. depends on the direction the information is flowing2. afferent neurons: transmission from the periphery that travels towards the CNS (e.g. sensory)3. efferent neurons: transmission form the CNS to the periphery (e.g. motor)4. interneuron: function to integrate information within a single system of neurons not clearly traveling to/from CNS/PNSF. glia cells protect the brain1. the nervous system has evolved to protect the CNS2. while adult PNS nerves can grow back to some extent, adult CNS nerves cannot3. there is little/no defense to bacteria and viruses once they reach the CNS4. glia support neuronal function and protect the brain from harmful things in the blood5. nurture and pad with brain with cerebrospinal fluidIV. Blood-brain barrierA. keeps harmful substances outB. brain needs blood and the nutrients it carriesC. capillary walls stitched together tighter than the rest of the body and help keep outlarge molecules like virusesD. less effective at the hypothalamus (hormone secretion), pineal gland (hormonesecretion), choroid plexus (production of cerebrospinal fluid) because these partsneeds to secrete out of the brainE. astrocytes contribute to the BBB with bridge capillaries and neurons, allowing somebut not all nutrients and link the behavior of nearby neurons (don’t worry to muchabout these)V. Cerebrospinal fluidA. meninges, cerebrospinal fluid are shock absorbersB. layers of protective tissue around the


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