Psyc 451 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 14-20- 1st Force: Behaviorismo Behaviorism: animals/man a slave to their environments but people have long goals, canresist here/now temptation- Skinner-Americano Antecedents-Behavior-Consequences (ABC)o Walden Two Scientists in charge of societyo Consistent Rewards and Punishments, no cons, ‘humans’ complex organisms, language just behavior.- 2nd Force: Psychoanalysis- Freud—Austriao Emphasized the Unconscious part of the mindo Human have two drives:  Eros (Sex) –sex drive Thanatos (Death)-aggression instinct  Price to pay for living in society is guilt and shame that one feels for their animal instinctso Early sex cause neurosiso id-ego-superego—human conflicted, Unconscious stronger, stranger to selfo Culture causes Mental illnesso Felt that people were strangers to themselveso It’s easier for others to know you better than you know yourself-like your therapist When someone says ‘I knew you’d say that’ we get defensive We can only grow when we acknowledge this Making the unconscious consciouso Unconscious material came to consciousness in 5 ways 1. Dreams- Can reveal your current mental state- Nightmares: mean you have some sort of fear in your life 2. Slips of tongue- “Freudian slip”- Accidentally say something - Reveal something you didn’t want to 3. Symptoms 4. Hypnosis 5. Free association- 3rd Force: Humanistic Psychology- Maslow- Americano most don’t live to potentialo hierarchy of needs stuck at lower levelo Self-actualization life as a work of arto Opennesso Autonomyo Positive relationshipso Ethics- Happiness Hypothesis- Ch 1 Divided Self—o Platoo Freud psych is divided- a committee, not selfo Elephant and ridero Modern Psych Mind vs Body (stomach brain) Left vs Right (split brain people)o Old vs New (damage to front lose impulse control) Automatic vs Controlled (subliminal effects behavior)o Frankl paradoxical intent.- Ch 2: Changing your mind—o Bad fortune is coming and necessary to test metal Don’t plan on constant good luck Book of Job No man can be secure until he is forsaken by Fortueno sensitive to bad bad is stronger than good bad gets more attention evolutionarily it’s safer to be more sensitive to bado Like-o-metero tightening or looseningo Epiphanies need practiceo Life is abusive None of us are coming out alive We should have more respect for ourselveso Cortical lottery/change mind Genes are not blueprints but recipes- 50-80% of all variance in levels of happiness can be attributed to genes and not by life experiences Left front cortical activity is associated with happiness Right front cortical activity is associated with pessimismo 3 ways to change: Meditation, Therapy, Prozac!  Meditation: change automatic thought processes- The more attachments you have, the more misery- It’s Free- There’s no negative side effects Cognitive therapy: negative triad: self-world-future- Recognize your thoughts, write them down, change them Prozac: a shortcut- Can change your personality Others: Art, Travel, reflection, empathy , near-death - Ch3: Reciprocity:o Ultrasocialityo zero & non-0-sum gameso tit-for-tato gossip spread social information and punish morality breakerso R-friendship signo share at same level (TMI)o stop counting at some point - Ch4: Faults of others- o scandal as moral contempt “scandal is great entertainment because it allows people to feel contempt, a moral emotions that gives feelings of moral superiority while asking nothing in return” pg. 60o we are hypocrites Wise advice: “we are all hypocrites, and in the condemnation of others hypocrisy we only compound our own”o cooperate w/vigilance Cooperate but always be vigilant of being cheated- Machiavelli: look like a trustworthy, honorable persono Better to be well liked and feared than to be either aloneo Positive illusions of self Evidence shows that people who hold pervasive positive illusions about themselves, their abilities, and their future prospects are mentally healthier, happier, and better liked than people who lack such illusions. Pg. 68o Naïve Realism leads to Good vs Evil thinkingo Straight Dualism vs Monism vs mixed Dualismo Bhagavad Gita- play your part to best of abilityo The Stranger and They Liveo Ignorance is bliss or Awake this question at the center of Western religiono Can we be awake and happy? o Princess Brideo Social life is a fame of social comparison and we must spin these comparisons in our favor pg. 67- Ch 5: Pursuit of Happiness—o Buddha & Stoics against external goals Buddhism and Stoicism teach that striving for external goods and to make the world conform to your wishes is always striving after the wind (83)o Success often disappointing anti-climatic Success is often disappointing: more a relief, closureo Pleasure in the pursuit Most of pleasure in achieving a goal comes from certain rewards you feel for making progress toward the goal and actually very little pleasure comparatively is derived from finishing the goal (college graduation)o What brings love and what doesn’to Happy formula: reputation, friends, best mates, resources, child— Happy are good at the game Formula: “people win at the game of life by achieving high status and good reputation, cultivating friendships, finding best mates, accumulating resources, rearing their children to be successful at life’s game” (83)- Missing happiness!o lottery & paralyzedo Flow: clear challenge + your strengths+ immediate feedback, doing vs having Physical pleasure (eating/sex) and immersion: flow- There’s a clear challenge that fully engages your attention; you have skills to meet challenge; you get immediate feedback about how you aredoing at each step (95) Tasty food over buffet! Gratification over pleasure- When we enter a state of flow, hard work becomes effortless. We want to keep exerting ourselves, honing our skills, using our strengths (97)- Doing vs. havingo Pursuit of Happiness-Video with Will Smith Don’t let anyone tell you that you can’t do something- Even father You have a dream you hold onto it - Ch 6 Love: o If you want children to grow up healthy and independent you should hold them, hug them, cuddle them and love them (114)o Passionate love a myth There is a TRUE myth about love: passionate love lasts