Psyc 451 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13- Ancient Greeks: o Polytheistico Emotions gods In Ancient greece, your emotions were your gods God of love, God of anger Each of the gods represented an emotiono Four Greek Virtues—courage, justice, wisdom, moderationo Metaphysicso Hadeso Science and Philosophyo Glory on Eartho Deeds echo in history- Socrates:o Socratic method Socrates: asked psychological questions:- How are the mind and body related- Do we have a soul? Is there life after death?- Is the mind the soul?- Nature vs. Nurture- Sense vs. Reason- How does perception work? Never wrote anything, claimed he knew nothing If you use the Socratic method you can attack/question authorityo Midwife He was the “midwife of thought”-he helped people refine their own thinking Was interested only in how to live a virtuous lifeo his death sentenced to death at 84 for “corrupting the youth” They game him hemlock (poison)-usually takes 1.5 hours to die, but Socrates lived for 3 hourso dialogues topics like “Justice” lead to better definition- Plato:o ideals blueprint True knowledge from reason and reflection, not senses Ideas more real than objects representing them Nativist (innate categories) in human soul forms All this is physical and mortal is full of illusion and errors- Senses are deceptive, body is corrupt The psyche mind is incorruptible and pure and the philosopher lives the life that aims at goodness Thinking is more important than acting Socrates new Greek hero replacing Achilles, Odysseus Reason needs to lead appetites and spirit (later this idea was stolen by Freud) He taught people how to thinking- Not everyone can be a superhero but everyone can think When you want to find the truth, you have to think about it, don’t just use your senses You can’t be perfect, but you can try and try to get closer The ideal is more perfect than the realo reason in charge Plato-where does the truth lie?- It doesn’t lie in the senses-the sense can be fooled- The senses are constantly fooling you - Only thing that’s true is your ability to rationalize- Rationality makes you humano Less rationality=less human (less important)o Ex: man vs. woman Women have more emotion, and are therefore less rational Human beings need to work on rationality the most in order to be the best human they can be Ex: Chariot- One chariot driver and two horseso Rationality is the chariot driver, the two horses are: white horse=spirit; black horse=appetiteo Rationality must be in charge of the other two forceso Philosopher: King Democracy Soul- Three parts of Psyche- Rationality (humans only)o Critical thinking, logic, science, analyzing (computing), cognition - Spirit (all animals)o Emotions, passions, intuition- Appetites (all animals)o Sex, drugs, rock and roll, eat, drink, be merry- Academy- Starts first school: Academy anti-myth- Aristotle:o Empiricism Empirical knowledge-collection, observation, inductions- After seeing several examples we develop concept of ‘universal’ which comes afterward (for Plato it comes first) Reason acts on sense data and is the organizing forceo Aristotle’s “anima” To animate or make alive Levels of soul: vegetative (nourish, grow), appetitive (appetites, desire), sensory (hear, see)o Eudiamonia Eudiamonea-“to flourish”- Happiness to live well- Goodness is tied to function, human function is to be rationalo 5 factors of Good life Person’s character needs 3 things to live well- Virtue-know what makes things good- Practical wisdom-know how to do something well- Moral strength-the will to do something well Need two external things- Material goods not to starve- Friendship-allows you to be yourselfo Scientific method Sensations bring us perceptions, memory stores perceptions, imagination enables us to manipulate memories Law of Association: one idea calls for anothero Nurture a person Born a blank slate Our experiences become the writing All human actions must be aimed at something-a goodo Lyceum soul not immortal Felt psyche/soul/mind could not be separated from body- When you are dead so is the soul, no immortal soul- This is the big reason Christianity ignored Aristotle- Lucretius: o Epicureano Pleasureo social involvemento ideas on love Sex good but don’t get tangled in love that leads to Pain Release seed often if you don’t you will fall in love. Lover’s passion is storm-tossed…by waves of delusion and incertitude. Pick out a lovers flaw and concentrate on that—No blind love Love is an illusion makes you think some one is Mr. Right. When people say “I can’t live without you” not true lived without beforeo death no one suffers before born or after. Just during life. Worried about death: what happens to corpse. Burn it. Don’t spend money on my dead body (Capitalism Funeral last $ maker) Live a life of integrity you won’t be afraid to die. If life a waste why would you want more? Always thinking about how we will be remembered after our death but don’t worry about wasting our time while we are hereo paino adversityo the Garden- Epictetuso Stoico death and fearo attachment to things people Felt that people should withdraw from civic life live in a communeo logic vs emotions Universe is all physical (not metaphysical) more atomic so knowledge is allsensory-the collision of atoms- Pain tells you something wrong, pleasure tells you something right- Too much pleasure causes paino Masculinityo Porch - Lao Tzu: o Dao te Ching:  the dao - Tao=pronounced ‘Dao’- Dao= ‘way’ the uncarved block- Uncarved Blocko Freedom from desireso Potential possibility Undisturbed nature sage- The Sage: “the wise man”o Usually a positive termo H sometimes uses it in more negative light-a charlatan Charlatan or wise man? Difficult to decipher water- Compares Dao to water because it nurtures other elements and flows the path of least resistance- Water is like the Daoo Water is humbleo Can be forceful if needed Tai Chi forceful action acceptance  The Empire: a dominant world viewo Overarching views from cones Everything is empty/nothing- It is good to be empty-have no bad views/feelings inside of you, empty of desire- This is not a western view: being