Psychology 451 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Socrates, Plato, AristotleII. SocratesOutline of Current Lecture I. Socrates continuedII. Plato III. AristotleCurrent Lecture- Socrates: sentenced to death at 84 for “corrupting the youth”o If you use the Socratic method you can attack/question authorityo They game him hemlock (poison)-usually takes 1.5 hours to die, but Socrates lived for 3 hourso Psyche-soul (human spirit)- Platoo Three parts of Psycheo Rationality (humans only) Critical thinking, logic, science, analyzing (computing), cognition o Spirit (all animals) Emotions, passions, intuitiono Appetites (all animals) Sex, drugs, rock and roll, eat, drink, be merry- Plato-where does the truth lie?o It doesn’t lie in the senses-the sense can be fooledo The senses are constantly fooling you o Only thing that’s true is your ability to rationalizeo Rationality makes you human Less rationality=less human (less important) Ex: man vs. woman- Women have more emotion, and are therefore less rationalo Human beings need to work on rationality the most in order to be the best human they can be Ex: ChariotThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- One chariot drive and two horseso Rationality is the chariot driver, the two horses are: white horse=spirit; black horse=appetiteo Rationality must be in charge of the other two forceso When we want to insult someone we call them irrationalo Best society/person is the one who is rational-controls emotions and appetiteso Plato’s beliefs True knowledge from reason and reflection, not senses Ideas more real than objects representing them Nativist (innate categories) in human soul forms All this is physical and mortal is full of illusion and errors- Senses are deceptive, body is corrupt The psyche mind is incorruptible and pure and the philosopher lives the life that aims at goodness Thinking is more important than acting Socrates new Greek hero replacing Achilles, Odysseus Reason needs to lead appetites and spirit (later this idea was stolen by Freud)o He taught people how to thinking Not everyone can be a superhero but everyone can thinko When you want to find the truth, you have to think about it, don’t just use your senseso You can’t be perfect, but you can try and try to get closero The ideal is more perfect than the realo Starts first school: Academy- Thinking questions:o Which of these four virtues (wisdom, courage, temperance, justice) do you see as being the weakest in the American culture and what’s the cause of this? People make mistakes about these virtues all the time- Aristotleo Student of Plato, snubbed for the academy job, teacher of Alexandero Empirical knowledge-collection, observation, inductions After seeing several examples we develop concept of ‘universal’ which comes afterward (for Plato it comes first)o Reason acts on sense data and is the organizing forceo Felt psyche/soul/mind could not be separated from body When you are dead so is the soul, no immortal soul This is the big reason Christianity ignored Aristotleo Sensations bring us perceptions, memory stores perceptions, imagination enables us to manipulate memorieso Law of Association: one idea calls for anothero Nurture a person Born a blank slate Our experiences become the writing- Western world-use the real, not the ideal, to make distinctionso Ex: medicine: label everything in the body Real is just as important as the ideal-this goes against Plato’s ideas- Aristotle’s “anima”o To animate or make aliveo Levels of soul: vegetative (nourish, grow), appetitive (appetites, desire), sensory (hear, see)o Eudiamonea-“to flourish” Happiness to live well Goodness is tied to function, human function is to be rationalo Person’s character needs 3 things to live well Virtue-know what makes things good Practical wisdom-know how to do something well Moral strength-the will to do something wello Need two external things Material goods not to starve Friendship-allows you to be yourselfo All human actions must be aimed at something-a