Sensation and Perception Exam 1 Study Questions Introduction perception 1 Generally speaking what is the difference between sensation and a Sensation Detection of some energy in the physical world b Perception Interpretation of that sensation i Perception is based part on context ex hearing bar vs far based on video of lips c Both depend on biological events d Sensation must precede perception but it doesn t always predict the perception i Ex The man on top looks larger because of the way we perceive it but they are actually the same size 2 What is transduction What types of cells are responsible for it a Transduction The conversion of some physical energy in the world photons or sound waves for example to electrical impulses in the nervous system i The process achieved by a sensory transducer we have these in our eyes ears skin nose and tongue of changing environmental energy to electrical impulses in the body b Sensory receptor cells are responsible for transduction 3 What is psychophysics a The study of the relationship between physical properties of the world and out psychological perception of these properties b The relationship between sensation and perception i Ex a researcher plays tones of varying intensity and asks subjects to say when they do and do not hear the tone Based on their responses we could calculate each subjects hearing threshold the intensity level at which they can just barely hear the tone 4 How does the statement you can never step in the same river twice pertain to sensation and perception a Perception is based on sensory systems but context is also important i Current circumstances internally and past experiences are important in the moment externally and 1 Past experience Ex Food poising may change how you perceive the food the next time you eat it and whether or not you like it 2 Current circumstance Ex Stubbing your toe may be more painful and dramatic if you re having a bad day vs a good day b River example your past experience will change your perception the second time of going to the river Past experiences play a role in our actual experience i The world is always changing The river is not the exact same river the second time around and you are also changing What happened previously can change how you perceive the world with your senses 5 What is adaptation a When things don t change we adapt to them b Our senses are especially tuned to changes Things that remain the same are often missed because of adaptation You get used to them and tune them out i Our sensory systems ignore constancy ii Ex you no longer smell the odor of your own dirty bedroom after a while 6 Know the syllabus a How many tests will I have Can I drop any grades i 6 exams NO final exam ii No grades will be dropped b Is the lab important How much does it count toward my final grade i Yes it is 25 of your final grade c What are the expectations for classroom behavior i Civility in the classroom ii Courteous behavior and responses iii Be on time and remain present iv Don t be disrtuptive d What are Dr Johnson s tips for being successful in the class i Read ahead to familiarize yourself with the material ii Come to class and take notes iii Answer the study questions for each lecture before the next class meeting cutting and pasting the answers from my PowerPoint slides to your study questions document will not be very useful at all take the time to write the answers in your own words iv Study that material as we go using flashcards a study partner group or whatever other tool works best for you On this note I strongly recommend studying with a partner or in a small group Discussing the material with your peers will be very useful in learning the material v A couple of days before the test by this time you have already answered all of the study questions and actually studied them sit down with a notebook the study questions not the answers and without any of your resources no notes no lectures no textbook and go through the questions like a test This exercise will give you a very good idea of what you know and what you don t know and you will still have time to concentrate on any weaknesses prior to the exam Neurons and Neurophysiology 7 What are the parts of a neuron Could you label those parts of a neurons Could you draw label a neuron a Neurons are similar to other cells because they have organelles and a plasma membrane They are different because they have a complex morphology shape they are postmitotic no longer dividing so when they die they are gone for good and they communicate electrically over long distances and chemically with each other b Soma Cell body c Dendritic tree One big chunk of dendrites that receives information input Dendritic trees aren t smooth and have protrusions called dendritic spines Dendrites tree spine Axons can be short or long think or thick with different amounts of myelination Sends information down the cell and branches into terminals d Axon i Axon width and degree of myelination determine conduction velocity how fast action potential travels ii Wider axon and more myelin means faster conduction iii Not all axons are myelinated iv Diameter and myelin change together Wider neurons have more myelin and are faster and the smaller they get the smaller the myelin Where the action potential is generated It is where the e Axon hillock decision is made whether or not to send the message up in the axon vesicles f Axon terminal terminal buttons Neurotransmitters are packaged i At the end of the axon Vesicles contain neurotransmitters for chemical transmission between neurons g Myelin sheath energy efficiency of the action potential Insulates the axon and increases the speed and i Made by glial cells oligodendrocytes in CNS schwann cells in Breaks in the myelinated axon where the action PNS h Nodes of Ranvier potential is regenerated where information is exchanged i Presynaptic cell j Postsynaptic cell k Synapse Sends information receives information i Where two cells meet l Cell membrane but is pretty strong the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell Phospholipid bilayer that floats around each other i The layer is semi permeable which allows some things to pass freely while others can t ii The ones that can t need to move in and out with some kind of chemical transmitter They move through channels and under certain circumstances the channel is open to let chemicals go through 8 What is a synapse Terms presynaptic postsynaptic synaptic gap ie
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