Exam 3 Study Guide (Vision)Questions: Vision I 1. The crystalline lens is used for ________.2. Light rays from objects over 20 ft away are ________.3. Ciliary muscle connected to lens by ________.4. Irregular crystallins cause ________. 5. What absorbs extraneous light? 6. What does the vitreous humor do?7. What is emmetriopia?8. Another word for Myopia: ________. Eyeball too long. Negative lenses.9. Another word for Hyperopia: ________. Eyeball too short. Positive lenses. Can correct if young.10. Cornea not spherical? You have ________.11. Fundus includes what 3 things?12. How many rods are there? Cones?13. Which has more spatial summation, rods or cones?14. There are more ________ cones than M cones. About 7% of cones are S cones.15. Snake IR detected by ________.16. Thermal Imaging A ________ generates electric impulses.Vision II17. Lamella (in outer segment) = layer of membrane containing ________.18. What 2 things make up a visual pigment?19. ________ = chromophore that absorbs light & releases energy20. ________ = protein whose structure determines the wavelength it responds to21. Depolarization occurs in ________ (Na+ entering), releasing glutamate (inhibiting bipolar cells).22. Bipolar cells disinhibited in ________. Rhodopsin absorbs photon, retinal released + binds G-protein, activating 2nd messenger hyperpolarize.23. ________ used for lateral inhibition.24. Ganglion cells respond best to ________ of light of particular size filter/editing. Sensitive to ________. Differ in the size of their ________.25. Size of receptive field in fovea = ________. In periphery = ________.26. Do ganglion cells fire if there’s no light? 27. How many ganglion cells are there?28. Sunlight to dark room ________ become much more sensitive than ________. Cone threshold decreases, cones adapt quickly, but not much.29. Photobleaching = ________ used to detect a photon. 30. Can ganglion cells be classified by their location on the retina?31. Dark = depolarization of ________. Glutamate inhibitory.32. Light = depolarization of ________ (excitatory neurotransmitter).Vision III33. Optic nerve projects to ________ (also hypothalamus & midbrain).34. After LGN (thalamus), goes to ________. 35. Orienting (tectospinal tract) + sensory map occur in ________.36. ________ responsible for circadian rhythms; goes to pineal gland. Gets info from specialized ganglion cells.37. Both the striate cortex and LGN have ________. 38. More ________ for fovea than periphery (cortical magnification).39. ________ = blind spot in both eyes due to tumor or macular degeneration. 40. Receptive fields in striate cortex are ________. (Also prefer 1 eye, and where).41. Simple, complex, or hypercomplex?1) Width: ________2) Motion + orientation + end stopping: ________ (edges, corners, borders)3) Motion + orientation: ________4) Linear: ________5) Orientation: ________6) Edge detector: ________7) Stripe detector: ________42. High contrast = ________ part of visual field. Low contrast = ________ part of visual field.43. Striate cortex arranged in ________.44. A hypercolumn has how many sets of columns? 45. What are 5 visual qualities that matter to striate cortex?46. In humans, columns need how much experience (time)? In cats/monkeys?47. ________ = less acuity in one eye. Cannot be fixed .Vision IV48. Grouping rules = ________ trumps good continuation. 49. ________ = when visual regions are discontinuous not only in space, but over time. 50. Texture grouping can be based on similar: ________, ________, ________, ________.51. ________ & ________ trump proximity. 52. Feature demon = ________. Primary visual cortex.Cognitive demon = ________.Decision demon = ________. Object recognition; inferior temporal cortex. 53. Perception by committee = multiple committees each looking for a particular pattern (name 3 examples of these patterns).54. ________ = each committee (feature demon; cognitive demon; group of neurons) is lookingfor its preferred stimulus at the same time.55. Ambiguous figure = 2 ________ demons shout equally loudly.56. True or false: ONE retinal image gives rise to MULTIPLE perceptions. “The perception is greater than the sum of the sensation”.57. Is sensation active or passive? What about perception?58. Accidental Viewpoint = viewing position that makes some ________ in the visual image that is NOT present in the real world.- Like the sides of 2 independent objects lined up perfectly- Moving just a little destroys the illusion59. Middle Vision: How do we know if it’s figure and not ground? 8 answers.60. 2-D edges tell you about ________ or occlusion borders. 61. Middle vision = after ________ and before ________ (before object recognition at inferotemporal gyrus). 62. Cells get more picky when moving away from ________.63. Extrastriate for viewing ________. 64. ________ for viewing motion. 65. Is recognizing objects w/ geons and by components enough? 66. Type of object recognitions: Animal? ________Bird? ________ (GEONS)Cardinal? ________67. When shown atypical member of a category, name more slow or fast?68. Does the process that recognizes a face care about distortion/inversion?69. ________ = Cannot identify faces; damage to ________. Vision V70. Hue can be described as ________.71. More ________ cause more brightness.72. TV’s and computers use ________ (adding more cones with each wavelength).73. Wavelengths green and red create the color ________.74. ________ are univariant = give 1 piece of info (firing rate/intensity + wavelength). Therefore, when it comes to seeing color, the output of 1 photoreceptor is totally ambiguous).75. The problem of univariance explains ________. 76. Do rods have small or large receptive fields? What about cones?77. Are cones rapid or slow? Are rods rapid or slow?78. L & M cones give good indication of ________ (since not many S cones anyway).79. Cone response is integrated by ganglion cells, then ________ cells, & then ________ cells, using center-surround (with opposing colors)80. ________ = appears like same color under different illuminants (we make assumptions)81. Metamer = different ________ of wavelengths that look identical 82. ________% of men and ________% of women colorblind.83. ________ & ________ = hard to tell red from green (have blue/yellow vision).84. ________ = very rare blue color blindness. Green sky!85. ________ = 3 cone pigments but 2 are very similar; experience world like people w/ only 2 photopigments.86.
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