Exam%3%Study%Guide%(Vision)%%Questions:%%Vision%I%%1.%The%crystalline%lens%is%used%for%________.%2.%Light%rays%from%objects%over%20%ft%away%are%________.%3.%Ciliary%muscle%connected%to%lens%by%________.%4.%Irregular%crystallins%cause%________.%%5.%What%absorbs%extraneous%light?%%6.%What%does%the%vitreous%humor%do?%7.%What%is%emmetriopia?%8.%Another%word%for%Myopia:%________.%Eyeball%too%long.%Negative%lenses.%9.%Another%word%for%Hyperopia:%________.%Eyeball%too%short.%Positive%lenses.%Can%correct%if%young.%10.%%Cornea%not%spherical?%You%have%________.%11.%Fundus%includes%what%3%things?%12.%How%many%rods%are%there?%Cones?%13.%Which%has%more%spatial%summation,%rods%or%cones?%14.%There%are%more%________%cones%than%M%cones.%About%7%%of%cones%are%S%cones.%15.%Snake%IR%detected%by%________.%16.%Thermal%Imaging%à%A%________%generates%electric%impulses.%Vision%II%17.%Lamella%(in%outer%segment)%=%layer%of%membrane%containing%________.%18.%%What%2%things%make%up%a%visual%pigment?%19.%%________%=%chromophore%th at%ab sor bs%light%& %releas es%en ergy%20.%________%=%protein%whos e%struc ture %deter m ines%th e%wavelength%it%respond s %to%21.%Depolarization%occurs%in%________%(Na+%entering),%releasing%glutamate%(inhibiting%bipolar%cells).%22.%Bipolar%cells%disinhibited%in%________.%Rhodopsin%absorbs%photon,%retinal%released%+%binds%Gdprotein,%activating%2nd%messenger%à%hyperpolarize.%23.%________%used%for%lateral%inhibition.%24.%Ganglion1cells%respond%best%to%________%of%light%of%particular%size%à%filt er /e d itin g.%Sensitive%to%________.%Differ%in%the%size%of%their%________.%25.%%Size%of%receptive%field%in%fovea%=%________.%In%periphery%=%________.%26.%Do%ganglion%cells%fire%if%there’s%no%light?%%27.%How%many%ganglion%cells%are%there?%28.%Sunlight%to%dark%room%à%________%become %m uch %m ore %sensitive %than %________.%Cone%threshold%decrea ses,%con es%ad ap t%quick ly,%bu t%not%m u ch.%29.%Photobleaching%=%________%used%to%detect%a%photon.%%30.%Can%ganglion%cells%be%classified%by%their%location%on%the%retina?%31.%Dark%=%depolarization%of%________.%Glutamate%à%inh ib ito ry .%32.%Light%=%depolarization%of%________%(excitatory%neurotransmitter).%Vision%III%33.%Optic%nerve%projects%to%________%(also%hypothalamus%&%midbrain).%34.%After%LGN%(thalamus),%goes%to%________.%%35.%Orienting%(tectospinal%tract)%+%sensory%map%occur%in%________.%36.%________%responsible%for%circad ian%rh yth m s;%goes %to%pine al%glan d.%Ge ts%info%from %specialized%ganglion%cells.%37.%Both%the%striate%cortex%and%LGN%have%________.%%38.%More%________%for%fovea%than%p eriph ery%(co rtical%m a gnificatio n).%%39.%________%=%blind1spot1in1both1eyes%due%to%tumor%or%macular%degeneration.%%40.%Receptive%fields%in%striate%cortex%are%________.%(Also%prefer%1%eye,%and%where).%41.%Simple,%complex,%or%hypercomplex?%1) Width:%________%2) Motion%+%orientation%+%end%stopping:%________%(edges,%corners,%borders)%3) Motion%+%orientation:%________%4) Linear:%________%5) Orientation:%________%6) Edge%detector:%________%7) Stripe%detector:%________%42.%High%contrast%=%________%part%of%visual%field.%Low%contrast%=%________%part%of%visual%field.%43.%Striate%cortex%arranged%in%________.%44.%A%hypercolumn%has%how%many%sets%of%columns?%%45.%What%are%5%visual%qualities%that%matter%to%striate%cortex?%46.%In%humans,%columns%ne e d %h ow%mu c h %e x perience %( t ime)?%In% cats/m onkey s?%47.%________%=%less%acuity%in%one%eye.%Can no t%be%fixed %L.%Vision%IV%48.%Grouping%rules%=%________%trumps%good%continuation.%%49.%________%=%when%visual%reg ion s%are%disc on tinuo us%n ot%on ly%in%space,1but%over%time.%%50.%Texture%grouping%can%be%based%on%similar:%________,%________,%________,%________.%51.%________%&%________%trump%proximity.%%52.%% Feature%demon%=%________.%Primary%visual%cortex.%Cognitive%demon%=%________.%Decision%demon%=%________.%Object%recognition;%inferior1te m p or al1co rte x.%%53.%Perception%by%committee%=%multiple%committees%each%lookin g %for%a %pa rt icu lar %pattern1(name%3%exam p les%of%these%pa tterns).%54.%________%=%each%comm ittee %(featur e%demon;%cognitive%dem o n;%gro up %of%neu ron s)%is%look ing%for%its%prefer re d%s tim u lu s%at1the1same1time.%55.%Ambiguous%figure%=%2%________%demons%shout%equally%loudly.%56.%True%or%false:%ONE%retinal%image%gives%rise%to%MULTIPLE%perceptions.%“The%perception%is%greater%than%the%sum%of%the%sensation”.%57.%Is%sensation%active%or%passive?%What%about%perception?%58.%Accidental%Viewpoint%=%viewing%position%that%makes%some%________%in%the%visual%image%that%is%NOT%prese nt%in%the %real%w orld .%• Like%the%sides%of%2%independent%objects%lined%up%perfectly%• Moving%just%a%little%destroys%the%illusion%59.%Middle%Vision:%How%do%we%know%if%it’s%figure%and%not%ground?%8%answers.%60.%2dD%edges%tell%you%about%________%or%occlusion1borders.%%61.%Middle%vision%=%after%________%and%before%________%(before%object%recognition%at%inferotem p o ra l1gyru s).%%62.%Cells%get%more%picky%when%moving%away%from%________.%63.%Extrastriate%à%for%viewing%________.%%64.%________%à%for%view in g %m o tio n .%%65.%Is%recognizing%objects%w/%geons%and%by%components%enough?%%66.%Type%of%object%recognitions:%%% Animal?%________%% Bird?%________%(GEONS)%% Cardinal?%________%67.%When%shown%atypical%member%of%a%category,%name%more%slow%or%fast?%68.%Does%the%process%that%recognizes%a%face%care%about%distortion/inversion?%69.%________%=%Cannot%identify%face s;%dam a ge
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