SENSATION & PERCEPTION TEST 1 QUESTIONS:(FIRST HALF)METHODS USED IN THE STUDY OF THE SENSES1) The closest distance 2 points of stimulation (touch) can be and still be perceived as 2 distinct points = ________. 2) The minimum intensity needed to perceive a difference btwn 2 stimuli = _______. 2% for weight.3) _______: Subject assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimulus (Kind of like, “Rate your pain on a scale from 1-10,” but the subject can assign numbers as the magnitude of the stimulus changes). 4) Subject is asked to match intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities.5) Measure blood flow in brain = _______. Measure decay of (safe) radioactive isotopes in brain = _______.6) For each sense, the JND (just noticeable difference) is a _______.7) ΔI/I=K (The observation that the JND is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus) = _______. (K = constant per sense)8) _______ = As stimulus intensity grows larger, larger changes are required for the changes to be detected by the perceiver. S = K log R (S=sensation, Log R is logarithm of the stimulus level)9) _______ = Many stimuli (like tones) presented randomly at different intensities to determine threshold (gradual curve, NOT a clear line)10) _______ = Don’t want to waste time with stimuli that are clearly supra- or subthreshold. Presented in increasing or decreasing intensity.11) Signal Detection Theory: By knowing relationship of hits to false alarms, you can calculate _______.NEURONS, ACTION POTENTIAL, SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL 12) Neurons are similar to other cells because they have _______ (& a plasma membrane). They are different because they are _______ & have a different _______. They are also different because they can communicate over _______ distances. 13) Neuron cell membrane is semipermeable Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl- move thru _______.14) Myelin is made by _______ (oligodendrocytes in _______; schwann cells in _______).15) Lots of cell bodies together = _______.16) _______ neuron mainly in most sensory systems (auditory & visual). _______ neuron foundmainly in the skin senses like for touch, pain, temperature.17) Example of modulatory neurotransmitter = _______. Example of inhibitory neurotransmitter _______.18) Neuron: Lots of _______ and _______ outside of cell & just a little inside; lots of _______ inside cell & just a little outside.19) Ions flow through ________ channels in the membrane of the axon.20) The sodium inside the cell diffuses to the next node of Ranvier. The membrane at that node is now _______ mV.21) Maintains resting potential (continually pushes _______ out of the cell). 40% of neuron’s energy.22) When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it opens voltage-gated _______ channels.23) _______ = The strength of a stimulus is represented by the rate of firing of an axon (rate of action potentials). The rate of firing is limited by the refractory period.24) Q. What causes threshold to be reached at the axon hillock? Synaptic activity on the dendrites & soma (generally, on the neuron) aka _______.25) _______ receptors are also channels. Neurotransmitter binds channel is opened ions pass through.26) As opposed to action potentials, synaptic potentials (change in voltage) are _______.27) _______ receptors do not have channels. Neurotransmitter binds things (G-protein) are activated on the receptor inside the cell _______ is used to open ion channels and/or do other things inside the cell.28) Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies: What is most important is _______ nerves are stimulated, not how they are stimulated.29) Glial cells transmit info over _______ distances. Do exchange chemicals with neurons.30) _______: respond to injury/disease in CNS31) _______: guide cell & axon migration during development (type of astrocyte)32) _______: Structural support, BBB, transfer of nutrients from capillaries to neurons, surround synapses, regulate ion concentration, form dense scars, etc.33) _______ of action potentials is often essential for coding, so _______ matters (think auditorysystem…sound localization). 34) From A = _______. To B = _______.35) Receptors are often _______-gated channels. So during a synaptic potential, _______-gated channels open.36) Some axons are unmyelinated. In sensory systems, this includes axons that convey information about _______ or _______.37) Metabotropic receptors: _______ binds to metabotropic receptors. Change in shape allows receptor to act as GEF, exchanging out GDP for _______. Exchange for GTP allows alpha-subunit to _______ from beta-gamma… now Gα and Gβγ can activate signaling cascades. - Alpha-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to GDP by inherent enzymatic activity alpha subunit reassociates and cycle can begin anew.BRAIN38) Directional terms: Top? Bottom? Front? Back?39) _______ & _______: reflexive responses to sensory stimuli.40) Lobes of the cerebral cortex _______: Ventral temporal anterior lobe41) What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves? Sensory, motor or both? 42 _______ organizes cranial nerve reflexes, just like the _______ organizes reflexes from the body43) Olfaction: nose _______ _______44) _______ & _______ important in directing eye movement45) Telencephalon consists of what 5 things?46) Diencephalon consists of what 2 things?47) Midbrain consists of what 2 things?48) _______ basic functions: breathing, heart rate & blood pressure49) BBB lets in _______ & _______, and keeps out _______ (vitamins, hormones) those need active transport.50) Thalamus = _______ sensory. Hypothalamus = ventral _______. 51) Object localization & orientation occurs in the _______.AUDITION: SOUND52) For every 5 dB over _______, cut time in half (starting from 8 hr).53) Harmonic sounds w/ the same fundamental frequency (so same pitch) sound different b/c the _______ of individual frequency components are different. Sounds different Timbre.54) ________ = A tone that is a component of a complex sound.- Whole number multiple of the fundamental frequency55) The _______ the fundamental frequency (pitch) the further apart the harmonics will be.56) If we plot a spectrum over time, we get a _______ 57) Tones of different frequencies have different physical _______, but they sound equally loud.58) Over _______ dB, to double perceived loudness, have to more than double acoustic energy.59) Temporal Integration only occurs between _______.60) Not as good at hearing high
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