1 What do home pregnancy tests test for Enzyme linked antibodies 2 What are 3 things that can produce a false negative on a pregnancy test if you test too early urine is too dilute drinking a lot of water directions are not followed accurately 3 What are 3 ways to predict the time of ovulation If a woman has a regular 28 day cycle subtract 14 days for luteal phase from 28 Ovulation occurs 14 days after the beginning of the previous menstruation 4 Briefly describe the pattern of temperature changes across the menstrual cycle on the 14th day temp drops and that is when you re most fertile High progesterone increases the temperature and signals the end of conceivable time 5 What are 3 possible causes of inactive or deformed sperm undescended testicles sex chromosome abnormalities infections that block reproductive tract environmental toxins normal aging chemotherapy and heating tight clothing strenuous exercise hot baths 6 Describe the basic procedures of in vitro fertilization A woman is given hormones to develop a batch of follicles Just before ovulation up to 2 dozen oocytes are retrieved via needle and mixed with sperm in a dish After about 3 days 2 to 4 are implanted in to the uterus 7 Describe the basic procedures of intrauterine insemination The woman is given a drug to cause multiple ovulations and then sperm is injected into the uterus 8 What problems can arise with in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination 2 3 of ivf attempts are unsuccessful which is even higher if the woman is over 40 and using her own oocytes Attempts are expensive 9 What are 2 abnormalities that are sometimes found in the female reproductive tract Pelvic inflammatory disease leads to scarring or obstructed oviducts or no cilia endometriosis 10 What is an ectopic pregnancy How is it treated the developing embryo implants on the ovary cervix or abdominal cavity Has to be aborted 11 What are 2 symptoms of Down syndrome intellectual impairment and characteristic facial features 12 What is the genetic cause of and a major risk factor in Down syndrome 3 copies of 21st chromosome 13 What are several unintentional causes of the death of fetuses 50 of all human embryos are abnormal and of the embryos that spontaneously aborted 1 2 had chromosomal abnormalities 14 What are 4 drugs or procedures that can harm a developing fetus alcohol drugs X ray anesthesia around the time of ovulation 15 Why is it important for the female to put on extra fat early in pregnancy producing a baby is expensive the baby uses most of the fat during the second half of the pregnancy and the rest is used during breastfeeding 16 What is the basis for choosing the sex of a child using sperm testing X bearing sperm are slightly heavier and swim a little slower 17 What is amniocentesis and what is it used for It takes some amniotic fluid and allows a culture to grow to screen for genetic disorders It is less risky than Chorionic villus sampling 18 What is surfactant What stimulates its production Increased adrenal steroids create surfactant which keeps the sacs in the lungs open for oxygen Once surfactant is in the amniotic fluid it may cause initial stimulation to trigger labor 19 What is the main hormone that stimulates uterine contractions Where is it released Oxytocin released in P P and prostaglandins from uterus 20 Which 2 hormones prepare for lactation Prolactin and oxytocin 21 What is one health benefit of breast feeding for the baby What is one health benefit for the mother Immune benefits and higher IQ for the baby and in the mother the uterus shrinks loss of weight and decreases bleeding 21 How does breast feeding have contraceptive effects If it is frequent it inhibits GnRH release and ovulation 23 Which two hormones that promote breast feeding also promote maternal behavior Prolactin and oxcytocin 24 What are 3 considerations when choosing a method of contraception reliability reversibility protection against STDs ease of use intrusiveness cost safety moral considerations cooperation and trust 25 What are 3 advantages and 1 disadvantage of male condoms advantages cheap and accessible reliable when properly used significant protection against STDs lacks hormonal side affects evident in use fully and immediately reversed disadvantages intrusive but can be part of the activity man must maintain an erection erotic sensation is reduced less reliable in typical use 26 What are 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of female condoms and diaphragms advantages only female contraceptive that can offer protection against STDs can be inserted ahead of time disadvantages reduces erotic sensation makes noise 27 How do contraceptive pills work contain either a combination of estrogen and progestin or progestin alone the hormones inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary blocking follicle maturation and ovulation reduced endometrial proliferation and secretion of thick cervical mucus in the uterus 28 Why do hormone based contraceptives use synthetic as opposed to natural steroids synthetic steroids are broken down more slowly 29 What are 3 advantages and 1 disadvantage of contraceptive pills highly effective at pregnancy prevention inexpensive less acne disadvantages no STD prevention must remember to take them everyday 30 How do IUDs work Plastic or copper objects inserted into uterus string hangs down through cervix leading to low grade inflammation which interferes with sperm transport or implantation 31 What are 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of IUDs advantages low failure rates fewer side effects non intrusive reduce menstrual cramping disadvantages one time cost is high cramping at first no STD protection 32 What are 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of progesterone based depot injections and implants advantages cheaper and easier and no removal necessary injection site is not visible 50 of women don t have menstrual cycles disadvantages slightly less effective but not by much may take a full year to return to full fertility possibility of weight gain