Neuroscience of Brain Dysfunction Exam 1 Chapter 1 Phineas Gage suffered partial impairment of intellectual properties and a marked change in personality in the sense that he was more impulsive and irreverent than before and seemed to lack social skills he possessed prior to tamping iron being lodged in his brain Damage in prefrontal cortex which controls ability to make rational decisions and processes emotional information Indicated relationship between neuroanatomy and mental health Biomedical approach emphasizes medical diagnoses and drug therapy Psychosocial approach emphasizes relationship between client and therapist while using therapies such as behavioral cognitive Hippocratic humoral theory explanation of body s functions four humors yellow bile black bile phlegm blood all needed to be balanced for person to be healthy Hippocrates brain leads to emotions not heart Dualism Descartes theory that the mind AND the brain interacted in the pineal gland interactionalism body is physical mind is not Descartes body works like machine mind soul was nonmaterial not following laws of physics form of behavior Reflex external events could cause muscle movement involuntary most basic Materialism world consists of only matter and energy body only Monism believed the heart was the seat of the mind and emotions Aristotle heart leads to emotions but brain keeps us in check different than most Greeks Phrenology Gall s theory to predict localization of brain function and bumps on the surface of the skull were deemed to predict certain medical capabilities Cranioscopy moral and intellectual character determined by bumps on skull Early biological treatments Fever cure malaria to alleviate psychosis Coma therapy morphine addicts Electroconvulsive shock therapy depression Sleep barbiturates Psychopharmacology drugs Trepanning drilling hole in skull Lobotomy chimps prone to tantrums became docile after frontal lobe damage experiment video with Dr Freeman and transorbital lobotomy entering the brain through the orbital cavity Dorsal spinal cord carry sensory information to afferent brain Ventral spinal cord carry sensory information away from efferent brain Broca s area area in frontal lobe of left hemisphere contributing to speech production difficulty speaking but good language understanding Language is localized different regions have special functions Functions localized left side for language lateralization Wernicke s area in temporal lobe of left hemisphere of brain that contributes to understanding language and producing intelligible speech Comprehension is poor when damaged Language loop on left side When you hear a word auditory signal is processed in the auditory cortex and sends it to Wernickes then to Brocas Wernicke associates word with representation of it in memory retrieving meaning of it Pg 13 on Chpt 2 powerpoint Tract fiber pathway within CNS collection of axons in CNS Tracts outside the CNS are nerves Nuclei functional collections of neurons in specific brain regions collection of cell bodies in CNS Somatic nervous system voluntary part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system Autonomic nervous system maintenance component of the nervous system internal organs Sympathetic fight or flight promotes arousal especially involving reactions to stress diffuse action transmitter at target organ NE norepinephrine Parasympathetic maintenance or recovery activated by conditions of recovery or termination of stressors allows organism to replenish energy depleted stores discreet action transmitter at target organ ACh acetylcholine Synapse gap that separates two neurons and is the location of communication between two cells Dendrites branching fibers that emanate from the cell body soma of a neuron and collect information from adjacent neurons and other cells Dendritic spines outgrowth along dendrite that increase surface area and where majority of synapses are found Axon information travels along throughout the neuron Terminal buttons at tip of axon points from which axon releases chemicals or neurotransmitters Ribosomes in nucleus that are primary destination for mRNA and location of translation and assembly of proteins Presynaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter Axoaxonic axodendritic axosomatic neuromuscular junction axon synapses with Myelin Sheath insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons Nodes of Ranvier propagation of action potential as they allow electrical signal to jump MS Multiple Sclerosis scar or plaque may form on myelin action potential cannot travel as quickly further away from equator increases chance Receptor recognize and bind to chemicals muscle across gap Glial cells Oligodendrocytes destroyed in MS produce myelin in CNS Schwann cells myelin in PNS Microglia remove debris Anatomical directions Anterior Rostral toward front nose or front Posterior Caudal toward rear tail or down Ventral toward belly Dorsal toward back or top of head Medial toward midline Lateral to the side Superior above Inferior below Horizontal section shows view from above Sagittal divides structures into right and left hemispheres Coronal frontal section Forebrain Diencephalon hypothalamus lower epithalamus upper thalamus center Epithalamus olfactory and pineal gland produces melatonin Thalamus relay station for senses Medial geniculate nucleus auditory Lateral geniculate nucleus visual Hypothalamus hunger and thirst Suprachiasmatic nucleus control of biological rhythms Forebrain Telencephalon endbrain limbic system basal ganglia and cortex Limbic system emotions memories Amygdala fear response and regulation of emotion and sexual urges cingular gyrus hippocampus memory and learning nucleus acumbus Basal ganglia initiation of voluntary movements maintaining muscle tone and posture Caudate nucleu putamen corpus striatum globus pallidus pg 33 chapter 3 powerpoint Parkinsons disease Rhinencephalon olfactory neurons carry sensory input from nose EX depression and loss of smell Pheromones chemical signals among animals of same species released by one individual to create a specific behavior response in individuals who perceive it Brainstem Hindbrain Metencephalon Cerebellum hindbrain structure concerned with coordination and control of voluntary muscular activity and movement Myelencephalon Medulla lowest part of brain stem extension into skull of upper end of spinal cord