Review Questions for Quiz 5 What kinds of cognitive tasks are men better at How about women Men better at visuospatial skills math and reasoning Women better at verbal fluency fine movements and some aspects of memory What are the main bases for women s sense of morality How about men s Women s moral sense is based on caring Cooperative vs competitive Helpful vs being in charge Men s moral sense is more based on justice and rules What are some sex differences in attitudes toward infidelity casual sex homosexuality How great are these differences Men more bothered by sexual infidelity more interested in casual sex less accepting of homosexual behavior Women more bothered by emotional infidelity less interested in casual sex and more accepting of homosexual behavior These differences are small to moderate 4 What are some behavioral sex differences in fetal neonatal and early childhood Fetal Even before birth boy fetuses more active than girl fetuses Neonatal Boy babies more likely to be wakeful after birth than girls 1 2 years of age Boys spend more time in happy or excited mood Girls spend more time in quiet or peaceful mood 2 3 years of age Girls prefer other girls as playmates more cooperative better fine motor coordination Boys are more competitive rough and have better throwing accuracy 5 What evolutionary explanations have been offered for the cognitive and attitudinal sex differences Attitudinal Sexual jealousy men don t know which child is genetically theirs Emotional jealousy women don t want their partner to abandon them Men more interested in casual sex b c little investment of resources however sometimes extra relationship mating can help females by gaining resources protection etc Cognitive Traditionally learned tasks may have fostered genes for different cognitive skills possibly explaining why men sometimes have better throwing and navigational skills and women have greater hand and manipulation skills Describe the play behavior of CAH girls When they grow up are they likely to identify as women or as men Play more with boys toys less interested in motherhood more inclined to male typical activities and careers more likely to be attracted to women but more hetero than lesbian More likely to identify as a woman than as a man Describe the change that occurs in puberty in boys with 5 alpha reductase deficiency What factors may account for the relative ease with the transition occurs During puberty the flood of testosterone leads to the testes descending the scrotum darkens phallus enlarges become muscular and voice deepens Transition to being male is easier because male role is valued in their society and they did have T prenatally to masculinize their brain What pre or neonatal factor contributes to boys feeling more happy and excited and to girls feeling more peaceful and quiet 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Boys spending more time in happy or excited mood is correlated with androgen levels in neonatal blood samples Girls feeling more quiet or peaceful is correlated to the level of T in pregnancy The less T in pregnancy the more feminine their behavior What is one piece of evidence for social role modeling having an influence on gender typical behavior of children Children with an older same sex sibling is more likely to be gender typical than those with older opposite sex sibling or no sibling What is one dramatic bit of evidence for lack of environmentalinfluences on gender identity Bruce became Brenda after a devastating error in circumcision She was raised as a girl but rebelled at every stage At 15 changed name to David and got reconstructive surgery to become a man What types of interventions do some transgendered people undergo Why do some decide not to change their genitals Transgendered individuals sometimes undergo lengthy endocrinological surgical intervention to change their identities However many are comfortable as they are What is capacitation in sperm What is the acrosome reaction Why is it important Capacitation is when enzymes in the uterus oviduct eat away the masking proteins on the sperm exposing receptors for zona pellucida Sperm can live only a few hrs after capacitation Once the sperm comes in contact with the ovum s zona pellucida the acrosome reaction occurs releasing enzymes that digest a path through it The acrosome reaction is so important because once the sperm binds to the ovum calcium is released in the ovum and the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to any more sperm guaranteeing that only one sperm fertilizes the ovum What happens to the zona pellucida after a sperm penetrates the oocyte The zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to any more sperm guaranteeing that only one sperm fertilizes it How long does it take the pronucleus in the oocyte to form after penetration by a sperm 4 6 hours They replicate What do the sperm and oocyte pronuclei do as soon as the oocyte pronucleus forms What is a blastocyst and what does it do A conceptus is the entire collection of cells derived from the fertilized ovum from the 2 cell stage onward By the 32 cell stage the conceptus is called a blastocyst it develops a fluid filled cavity and implants itself in the wall of the uterus By what age does the fetus begin to kick suck its thumb drink amniotic fluid urinate wake sleep After 14 16 wks What is the main source of P after 14 16 weeks post conception The fetal side of the placenta secretes it What is the DAX 1 gene A gene which is not turned off by other genes promotes the development of ovaries What is gonadal intersexuality true hermaphroditism What are 2 ways it can be produced It is an extremely rare condition where the person possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue within gonad Can occur by early fusion of brother sister embryos by X inactivation in XX fetus with SRY on one X or 2 sperm 1X 1Y fertilizing an ovum 1 of its polar bodies 21 What is X inactivation and why is it important Early in development each cell in a female embryo randomly selects either the maternal or paternal X chromosome for inactivation The X chromosome contains about 2000 genes for blood clotting factors visual pigments and without X inactivation females would produce twice as much of these proteins as males What is the origin and destination of migrating germ cells that will become sperm or oocytes Germ cells that become oocytes and sperm arise from yolk sac migrate to genital ridge What are M llerian ducts What do they need to develop In female