1 What are 3 advantages of sexual reproduction 1 Gets rid of harmful mutations 2 Adaptation to changing environment 3 Adaptation to all aspects of constant environment 4 Separates beneficial mutations from harmful ones 2 What are 2 advantages of asexual reproduction mitosis 1 quicker easier 2 more offspring individual a Disadvantage all off springs get mutations 3 Explain the following regarding gametes only the average is selected against In disruptive selection a form of Natural selection the average values are selected against so that the distribution of the trait becomes bimodal 4 What are 3 means of sex determination a Sex chromosomes Because sexual reproduction is so important it should be highly conserved not so b Temperature no rationale as to whether high or low temp c Social 5 Which cells in the body are diploid and which are haploid Diploid mitosis and all other body cells Haploid gametes produced by meiosis 6 Describe the lineup of replicated chromosomes in the metaphase stage of meiosis vs mitosis Mitosis nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle forms Line up as individuals Meiosis homologous chromosomes join to form tetrads Line up together 7 Describe the X and Y chromosomes Which gene confers maleness a Mammals XX F vs XY M birds ZZ M vs ZW F Y chrom that contains SRY chrom confers maleness Sry testes T masculinization 8 How can an XX individual develop as a phenotypic male a It can be a phenotypic male if it has the Y chrom with SRY mutation that crosses over the X chromosome 9 What is a hermaphrodite Do hermaphrodites fertilize themselves An organism that has both male and female gametes They produce sperm and ova at the same time They do not fertilize themselves 10 What is the supposed rationale for male peacocks to have such huge tails and for male bowerbirds to build such fancy but non functional bowers male peacocks used by females to judge his health and the quality of his genes 11 Describe the reproduction strategy of male and female seahorses Which sex supplies the most nutrients to the developing young The sex role is reversed The males get prego and give birth Females produce ova and deposit them in a deep cavity in the male where he fertilizes them Pouch opening then closes for 10 days then opens and babies pop out The female produces more ova and deposits them They get several hundred babies because repeats about 12 times per season Females make the greatest investment still nutrients come from egg yolk 12 What are 2 potential advantages to female promiscuity Obtain resources from multiple males Increase total number of offspring Obtain better quality sperm sperm competition Safeguard offspring from new dominant male mate guarding 13 Describe the process of paternity testing 1 DNA samples from the mother the offspring and two possible fathers are broken into fragments with an enzyme 2 The fragments are then separated into bands according to size by gel electrophoresis 3 Every band of the offspring s DNA must match a band in at least one of its parents DNA 14 Describe the theory of kin selection What is a rationale for its existence Unequal chances of mating Neither gullible male nor devious female is consciously aware of this rationale 1 pair mates for everyone and the others are workers and soldiers who help Females contribute the major resources but they are able to select a mate that will protect them and take care of their kids 15 Describe sexual activity among Bonobos Males and females compete for attention Males larger than females compete with other males Females with the larges sexual swellings have more offspring Males prefer to mate with those females Females are receptive during most of their ovarian cycles and also during nursing Bonobos have male female female female and male male sexual encounters They frequently engage in bouts of sex before dividing up a new food source 1 What part of the male genitals is homologous to the female outer labia 2 The scrotum inner labia Spongy urethra 3 What part of the male genitals is homologous to the female 4 What are the corpora cavernosa and what is their function a Inside the clit There are 2 and fill w blood hard erect 5 How does the vagina maintain an acidic pH What is a benefit of that Maintains acidic pH due to friendly bacteria that produce lactic acid It inhibits growth of bad bacteria 5 What is the G spot What part of the male anatomy may it be homologous to Grafenberg spot Most controversal erogenous zone of a vagina on the wall of vagina Small minority of women have it and it is a spot of heightened sensitivity on anterior wall of the vagina Male prostate 6 What is endometriosis Uterine fibroids Bits of Endometrium Inner lining 2 functions 1 Transport sperm in 2 Implant nourish emryo Endometriosis bits of endometrium in abdominal cavity treated with oral contraceptives surgery Uterine fibroids noncancerous tumors of smooth muscle in the uterus 7 Where does fertilization occur Occurs in the fallopian tubes oviducts 8 How is the ovum moved along toward the uterus after ovulation Cilia in the fallopian tubes move the ovum 9 What are granulosa cells and what are their 2 main functions Cells within ovaries 1 nourish oocyte 2 prevent 1st meiotic division 3 produce estrogen 10 What are thecal cells and what is their main function Cells in the ovaries 1 produce testosterone which is then converted to estrogen by granulosa cells 11 What are 3 factors that affect the risk of breast cancer 1 HPV AIDS Chlamydia infection 2 Late menopause 3 Smoking drinking 4 Genes BRCA1 2 5 Age lack of excersice 12 What are 3 physical signs of sexual arousal in women 1 erection of nipples 2 erection of clitoris 3 vasocongestion vagina wall colors change from pink to purple 4 swelling of breasts 5 opening of labia 6 vaginal lubrication 13 What are pheromones and what are at least two possible functions They are attractivity in female sexual behavior that is facilitated by estrogen The swelling and excitement you get 1 can alter estrous or menstrual cycles 2 genital swelling 14 What are some environmental factors that can influence menstrual of estrous cycles 1 stressful events 2 illness 3 perinatal events proximity to brothers in uterine horn during gestation increased estrous cycle length and reduced attractiveness in female rats 15 What hormone neurotransmitter is important for promoting smooth muscle contractions and pleasurable feelings of orgasm oxytocin 16 What are 2 sources of fluid that may be