1 What is capacitation in sperm What is the acrosome reaction Why is it important Sperm a Capacitation in female repro tract exposes receptors for zona pellucidum Acrosome reaction contact with Z P enzymes that eat away Z P Capacitation Enzymes in the uterus oviduct eat away the masking proteins Sperm can live only a few hrs after capacitation Causing sperm to swim more focefully and they can detect the odor of an oocyte and swim toward it Acrosome reaction Receptors exposed by capacitation bind to zona p release enzymes that eat through it Binding to ovum Ca release in ovum enzymes cause zona p to become impenetrable by any more sperm Enzymes are released that eat through it and it binds to ovum 2 What happens to the zona pellucida after a sperm penetrates the oocyte Fusion of sperm and egg membrane Calcium release in ovum which makes an enzyme to make the zona harden 3 How long does it take the pronucleus in the oocyte to form after penetration by a sperm 4 6 hours 4 What do the sperm and oocyte pronuclei do as soon as the oocyte pronucleus forms The chromosomes in the 2 pronuclei don t fuse but undergo replication followed by cell division mitosis Finally in the 2 cell conceptus the chromosomes are contained within the 2 nuclei 5 What is a blastocyst and what does it do the conceptus is called a blastocyst hatches from the zona it develops a fluid filled cavity and implants itself in the wall of the uterus It secretes HCG 6 By what age does the fetus begin to kick suck its thumb drink amniotic fluid urinate wake sleep After 14 16 weeks 6 What is the main source of P after 14 16 weeks post conception Fetal side of the placenta starts producing P 7 What is the DAX 1 gene In females the absence of SRY allows the genital ridge to develop into ovaries under the direction of several other genes including DAX on the X chromosomes it turns off SOX 9 9 What is gonadal intersexuality true hermaphroditism What are 2 ways it can be produced Can occur by early fusion of brother and sister embryos by X inactivation in XX fetus with SRY on one X or 2 sperm 1x and 1Y fertilizing an ovum and 1 of its polar bodies 10 What is X inactivation and why is it important Process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals in inactivated It prevents XXs from having more genetic products than males who only have one X 11 What is the origin and destination of migrating germ cells that will become sperm or oocytes They migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges 12 What are M llerian ducts What do they need to develop In females in the absence of AMH the M llerian ducts develop into the oviducts uterus and the deeper part of the vagina 13 What are Wolffian ducts What do they need to develop Testosterone causes Wolffian ducts to develop into the epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles in men 14 What is Turner syndrome What are some symptoms XO individuals are phenotypic females who do not enter puberty and are infertile Tend to be short with wide necks lack ovaries 15 What is Klinefelter syndrome What are some symptoms XXY phenotypic male who are generally tall infertile and somewhat feminized small testes breast development sparse facial hair 16 How can syndromes like XO XXY or XYY occur Nondisjunction in Mitosis and meiosis so 3 chromosome pairs end up in one cell rather than splitting and even 2 2 slide 47 17 Describe androgen insensitivity syndrome its cause and symptoms XY is a phenotypic female that is producing normal amounts of testosterone has testes AMH and no Woffian ducts and no receptors Don t have a menstrual cycle short vaginas 18 Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH its cause and symptoms in males and females Prenatal exposure to androgens can masculinize reproductive function and behavior Low cortisol levels causes the ACTH from anterior pituitary to get adrenal glands to produce more cortisol In men early puberty and cessation of growth bones mature early in women large clitoris and fused labia play with boys toys more inclined to male typical activities and attraction to women but still more hetero than lesbian 19 Describe 5 alpha reductase deficiency its cause and symptoms Lack of DHT leads to inadequate masculinization of external genitalia at birth DHT more potent than T 20 What is INAH 3 and why are people interested in it Larger in males than in females and gay men and is in found medial preoptic area of the hypothalmus which is associated with sexual behavior 21 Describe the sex differences in SDN POA and AVPV of rats What causes the differences Sexually dimorphic nucleus SDN is larger in male rats than in females Homologous to INAH3 AVPV is larger in female rats and is involved in the positive feedback of Estrogen 22 Describe the effects of maternal stress on sex differentiation of rats caused a prenatal surge in testosterone 2 too days early before there were neurons 23 Describe 3 nonsexual sex differences wider hips or shoulders women have a higher body fat and men have more bone and muscle mass 24 What are 3 factors that may influence the timing of pubertal development Nutrition environmental pollutants and genetic changes 25 What are leptin and kisspeptin hormone made by fat and it is needed to turn on the hypothalamus Kisspeptin is released by the hypothalamic nuclei to start GnRH neurons producing GnRH Lack of kisspeptin causes no puberty 1 What kinds of cognitive tasks are men better at How about women Men mental rotation task spatial or visuospatial skills better at learning route if route requires reference to compass direction or distant landmarks better visual sense Women object location task if they navigate by nearby landmarks and street names verbal ability better audition taste smell 2 What are the main bases for women s sense of morality How about men s men justice and rules woman caring ex cooperative vs competitive 3 What are some sex differences in attitudes toward infidelity casual sex homosexuality How great are these differences o more accepting of homosexuality o more bothered by emotional infidelity o more bisexuality in women than men o i d only have sex if i were in love Women Men more interested in casual sex premarital and extramarital sex more bothered by sexual infidelity more homosexuality in males than females more concerned with physical attractiveness visual sexual stimuli Female 4 What are some behavioral sex differences in fetal neonatal and early childhood stages Male more