PAD 4391 Exam 1 Study Guide Evolution of Emergency Management History and Framework History o Objectives Review the early motivations and characteristics of emergency management disaster relief Review the evolvement and central features of critical EM related legislation Demonstrate an understanding of the origin and application of the terms dual use all hazards Demonstrate an understanding of the shifts in emergency management policy and practice o 1803 1950 Congressional Act of 1803 Federal Resources to Portsmouth N H fire Council of National Defense 1916 Protection of civilian population in wartime o Surveyed resources and mobilized 184 000 local organizations during WWI Other ad hoc legislation providing federal resources for disaster recovery o 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Tornadoes Office of Civil Defense 1941 Floods Created by Roosevelt to channel wartime activities of the civilian population o Protect the population from air attack o Recruit millions air raid wardens airplane spotters and ambulance drivers o Terminated in 1945 by Truman Federal Civil Defense Administration Created by Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 o Charged with developing a system to protect life and property from attack caused disaster Primarily a state and local responsibility Fed s provide information guidance and assistance o Amended in 1958 Monies to state and locals for personnel and expenses on a 50 match basis o Defense Civil Preparedness Agency DPCA 1972 OCD abolished and DPCA created Beginning of the term dual use under DPCA Dual Use system that protects life and property of the U S citizen from attack and natural disaster As long as it is consistent with contributes to and does not detract from attack preparedness 1973 Disaster Relief Responsibilities divided Federal Disaster Assistance Administration Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and Federal Preparedness Agency o Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Precedent setting Instituted the individual and Family Grant Program 75 for furniture clothes essentials Institutionalized efforts in mitigation Mandated all levels of government to develop strategies aimed at preventing disasters Stressed a multi hazard approach o 1979 Creation of FEMA President Carter Objectives Reorganization Plan No 3 Establishment of a single entity FEMA o Directly responsible to the President and Congress o FEMA Coordinating Agency Improve emergency management and assistance End duplication of costs Consolidate federal functions and policy FEMA s on and off record o FEMA s history 1979 President Carter creates the Federal Emergency Management Agency by executive order out of 16 major agencies FEMA s initial mission is centered on natural disasters and civil defense 1992 Hurricane Andrew ravages Florida and Louisiana Criticism of the agency hurts President George H W Bush s re election efforts 1993 94 President Clinton appoints James Lee Witt as the first career specialists in disasters to head FEMA With the Cold War over Witt reorganizes the agency to focus on natural disasters FEMA s response to the Mississippi River flooding and the earthquake in Northridge Calif wins praise 2001 Joe Allbaugh President Bush s 2000 campaign chairman is made FEMA director The 9 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon prompt FEMA to focus its efforts on terrorism as well as natural disasters 2003 FEMA is rolled into the new Department of Homeland Security Michael Brown Allbaugh s former assistant and college friend ascends to the top job Large scale departures of top talent begins July 2005 DHS reduces status responsibility of FEMA moves preparedness and its grants and training functions out of the agency Late August 2005 Hurricane Katrina slams the Gulf Coast FEMA s response is criticized 2006 Compromise regarding future of the FEMA reached by lawmakers leaves the agency inside the Department of Homeland Security but gives its chief a direct line to Congress and the president reversing earlier changes o Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 amended second time in 1980 Mandated FEMA to work with state and local governments to assist them in setting up emergency management programs Still dual use of funds o Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act as amended Original Act of May 22 1974 Amended by Act of November 23 1988 Amended by Act of December 3 1993 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Still principal Federal Authority for Disaster Relief o Major Provisions of the Stafford Act A refinement of the definition of emergency any occasion or instance for which in the determination of the President Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety or to lessen or avert the threat of catastrophe in any part of the United States Political subjectivity for the President o Stafford Act an expansion of the Disaster Relief Act of 1950 President given complete authority to determine a major disaster Governor of affected state must request Federal assistance Federal assistance supplements not supplants President authorized to direct Federal assistance Role of voluntary sector recognized o Stafford Act Provisions cont An expansion of the responsibilities and obligations of public institutions in emergencies Further importance of mitigation and preparedness Process on who does what when The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 DMA commonly known as the 2000 Stafford Act amendments Purposes o Amend the Stafford Act o Establish a national program for pre disaster mitigation o With growing emphasis on all hazards emergency management comes o Streamline administration of disaster relief growing emphasis on Professionalism Standardization NFPA 1600 o Establishes minimum criteria for disaster management and provides guidance to the private and public sectors in the development of a program for effective disaster preparedness response and recovery Certification Accreditation o Certification of Emergency Managers through IAEM and state associations o Accreditation of Emergency Management Programs through independent Emergency Management Accreditation Program EMAP o Post Oklahoma City Increasing emphasis on terrorism Some turf battles over money mission DOJ FEMA PHS DOD Crisis management vs consequence management o Post September 11th Terrorism emphasis escalates Bush Jr merging into a single entity the Department of Increasing use of the term homeland security Homeland Security Primary mission