Foundations of Emergency Management Exam 1 1 History of Emergency Management 1803 1950 Congressional Act of 1803 Federal Resources to Portsmouth N H fire Council of National Defense 1916 Protection of civilian population in wartime Office of Civil Defense 1941 Surveyed resources and mobilized 184 000 local organizations during WWI Other ad hoc legislation providing federal resources for disaster recovery 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Tornadoes Floods Created by Roosevelt to channel wartime activities of the civilian population Protect the population from air attack Recruit millions air raid wardens airplane spotters and ambulance drivers Terminated in 1945 by Truman Federal Civil Defense Administration Created by Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 Charged with developing a system to protect life and property from attack caused disaster Primarily a state and local responsibility Fed s provide information guidance and assistance Amended in 1958 Monies to state and locals for personnel and expenses on a 50 match basis Defense Civil Preparedness Agency DPCA 1972 OCD abolished and DPCA created Beginning of the term dual use under DPCA Dual Use system that protects life and property of the U S citizen from attack and natural disaster As long as it is consistent with contributes to and does not detract from attack Federal Disaster Assistance Administration Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and Federal preparedness 1973 Disaster Relief Responsibilities divided Preparedness Agency Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Precedent setting Instituted the Individual and Family Grant Program 75 for furniture clothes essentials Institutionalized efforts in mitigation Mandated all levels of government to develop strategies aimed at preventing disasters Stressed a multi hazard approach 1979 Creation of FEMA President Carter Objectives Reorganization Plan No 3 Establishment of a single entity FEMA Directly responsible to the President and Congress FEMA Coordinating Agency Improve emergency management and assistance End duplication of costs Consolidate federal functions and policy FEMA s on and off record Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 amended second time in 1980 Mandated FEMA to work with state and local governments to assist them in setting Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act as amended up emergency management programs Still dual use of funds History cont Original Act of May 22 1974 Amended by Act of November 23 1988 Amended by Act of December 3 1993 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Still Principal Federal Authority for Disaster Relief Major Provisions of the Stafford Act A refinement of the definition of emergency any occasion or instance for which in the determination of the President Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety or to lessen or avert the threat of catastrophe in any part of the United States Political subjectivity for the President Stafford Act an expansion of the Disaster Relief Act of 1950 President given complete authority to determine a major disaster Governor of affected state must request Federal assistance Federal assistance supplements not supplants President authorized to direct Federal assistance Role of voluntary sector recognized Stafford Act Provisions cont emergencies An expansion of the responsibilities and obligations of public institutions in Further importance of mitigation and preparedness Process on who does what when The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 DMA commonly known as the 2000 Stafford Act amendments Purposes Amend the Stafford Act Establish a national program for pre disaster mitigation Streamline administration of disaster relief With growing emphasis on all hazards emergency management comes growing emphasis on Professionalism Standardization NFPA 1600 Establishes minimum criteria for disaster management and provides guidance to the private and public sectors in the development of a program for effective disaster preparedness response and recovery Certification of Emergency Managers through IAEM and state Certification associations Accreditation Accreditation of Emergency Management Programs through independent Emergency Management Accreditation Program EMAP Post Oklahoma City Increasing emphasis on terrorism Post September 11th Some turf battles over money mission DOJ FEMA PHS DOD Crisis management vs consequence management Terrorism emphasis escalates Increasing use of the term homeland security Bush Jr merging into a single entity the Department of Homeland Security Primary mission protect our homeland Homeland Security Act of November 2002 Creates Department of Homeland Security Brings together 22 entities Critical Mission Areas Intelligence and Warning Border and Transportation Security Domestic Counterterrorism Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Defending against Catastrophic Threats Emergency Preparedness and Response Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 HSPD 5 February 28 2003 President Bush Objectives For all levels of government to work efficiently and effectively together Provide seamless integration of resources and capabilities Provide a common lexicon and systems for horizontal and vertical integration Establish networks and systems for effective communication Full integration of crisis and consequence management Mandates development of the NRP and the NIMS Presidential Preparedness Directive 8 PPD 8 under President Obama called for the development and maintenance of a first ever National Preparedness Goal To define the core capabilities necessary to prepare for the specific types of incidents positing the greatest risk of security to the nation A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent protect against mitigate respond to and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk or disaster disaster 1972 2 Emergency Management an organized analysis planning decision making and assignment of available resources to mitigate prepare for respond to and recover from the effects of all hazards a Goals Save lives Prevent Injuries and Protect property and the environment if an emergency occurs 3 Emergency a dangerous event that normally can be managed at the local level 4 Disaster a dangerous event that causes significant human and economic loss and demands a crisis response beyond the scope of any single agency or jurisdiction 5