PSYCH 3331 Abnormal Psychology Midterm I Study Guide I Research Methods What decides abnormal THE FOUR D S Deviant usually away from the norms of your society in some way detached from rules of behaving thinking feeling etc Distressing behaviors thoughts feelings lead to distress some disorders don t have symptoms of distress which is why it isn t a great sole D Factor Dysfunctional symptoms interfere with normal functions social work basic living example is a hunger strike people can still function which is why it isn t a good sole D Factor Dangerous put themselves others in harm suicide homicide A Historical Perspectives Stone Age evil spirits Egyptian Chinese Hebrew possession treatment was exorcism Greeks Romans based on the humors Middle Ages back to possession Johann Weyer first to really subscribe to our modern model that mind is susceptible to disease Philippe Pinel French physician me search studying things that are related to you your life early example of moral treatment REFORM Late 1800s went back to inhumane treatment Somatogenic perspective abnormal brain behavior is a biological brain disease failed to gain popularity lacked modern things like fMRI inefficient physical treatment based largely on idea of eugenics Psychogenic perspective root of abnormal behavior is largely psychology Internal Validity can you rule out all the possible causes for a phenomenon other than one External Validity are your results generalizable can conclusions you re drawing be applied to the rest of the world Case Study Methodology detailed reports on single individuals can provide us with new ideas to study using other methods can be used to study phenomenon that are extremely rare cant be studied otherwise provides tentative evidence disconfirming rather than supporting high on internal validity low on external Correlational Study Methodolody make use of correlations as their primary outcome measures measure of how strongly a change in one V predicts a change in another V correlation coefficient mathematical measure of how strongly two variables relate to one another 1 to 1 further you go from zero the stronger the relationship sign tells you how they re related 0 3 is strength relationship normally has to have for researcher to take notice common in ethics and longitudinal studies need large sample size and stat significance 0 05 no internal validity potentially high external Experimental Methodology manipulation of variables required IV DV confounds control Sub Prime Experimental Designs Quasi experiment but no form of random assignment lacks internal and external validity Natural groups occur naturally i e studying SES split after Hurrican Katrina generally due to natural disaster or occurrences lacks internal and external validity Analogue create pathological like symptoms in someone then conduct experiment high internal validity low external Single Subject used when large sample size is impossible impractical observe participant with and without IV okay internal validity external might not be great due to small sample size Ethics IRB for review Rights granted voluntary enrollment informed consent free to drop out acceptable risks protection from harm debriefing confidentiality II Models of Abnormality A Biological Model Psychological abnormality illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of organism 5 major lines of explanations are Brain anatomy ex overactive amygdala you might be overly sensitive to danger prefrontal communicates safety to amygdala might cause probs brain chemistry genetic abnormalities all psych disorders have some sort of genetic component twin studies even if they B Psychodynamic Model C Behavioral Model grow up in different environments twin is more likely to have it evolution viral infections Treatment in Bio model goal is to pinpoint physical source of dysfunction drug therapy antipsychotics antidepressants anxiolytics benzos mood stabilizers stimulants electroconvulsive therapy ECT psychosurgery lobotomy trephination Strengths has respect lots of research and new info treatments bring relief Weakness too simplistic environment matters in psycho disorders even though genetics are the same shown from twin studies negative side effects Famous Freud s model Person s behavior is determined by underlying dynamic psycho forces of which they aren t aware 3 unconscious forces id instinct ego reality superego conscience Conflict b w forces Treatment is psychodynamically oriented therapy or psychoanalysis Sexual repression large portion of model might be considered untestable not really a theory Defense Mechanisms made by George Vaillant in 1977 based on developmental levels Level 1 pathological delusional projection conversion makes psych a physical symptom denial distortion splitting extreme projection psychotic disorders Level 2 immature acting out fantasy idealization projection somatization neg feelings about others turned into neg feelings about self pain anxiety psychotic personality disorders Level 3 neurotic displacement dissociation hypochondriasis isolation rationalization intellectualization withdrawal regression repression undoing mood anxiety disorders Level 4 mature altruism anticipation humor identification introjection sublimation thought suppression Freud s Developmental Stages Oral 0 18 mos pleasure from feeding id dominates Anal 18 mos to 3 yrs conflict between id and ego regarding waste elimination toilet training is key autonomy Phallic 3 5 yrs conflict b w id and ego regarding wanting attention of one parent Oedipus Electra complex Latency 5 12 yrs consolidation of oral anal phallic stages Genital 12 yrs further consolidation of previous stages if conflict not resolved fixation Transference redirection towards therapist of feelings associated with important figures in patient s life Countertransference reactions that the patient evokes in therapist Repetition Compulsion putting oneself in situations where an undesired event is likely to happen again John Watson lives are basically deterministic based on our upbringing Limitations i e take into account people with schizo did your upbringing cause it Most likely not a result of our experiences Environmental factors Learning theory Operant Conditioning behaviors that our behaviors are Deterministic model are reinforced are strengthened over time punished behaviors are weakened B F Skinner Modeling learn new behaviors by imitating behaviors of others Classical Conditioning unconditioned