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Models of AbnormalityEtiology Study of the causal pattern of abnormal behaviorClient KP Father died unexpectedly one year ago Reports feeling “isolated and lonely” Works as a buyer for a large department store after graduating from college Endorses thoughts of being a “failure” because of her “low salary” and lack of a boyfriend or anyclose friends Family history: father had an episode of depression, mother was relatively anxiousThe Biological Model  Abnormal behavior is viewed as a physical illness, particularly caused by a malfunctioning brain Neural communication Possible Routes of NT Dysfunction Oversupply or undersupply may relate to: Rate of production Availability in synapse Regulation of use / reuptake Endocrine System Hormones Chemical messengers of the body Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis ▪ implicated in depression & anxiety Genetic Theory: Behavior Genetics Genetic influences on normal/abnormal behavior developmentGenes: units of DNA that carry information about heredityChromosomes: carry genesGenotype: genetic structurePhenotype: expression of interaction between genotype and environment  Evolutionary theories: Abnormality caused through mutations in genes▪ Accidental malformation of a gene▪ Or – genes promoting helpful characteristics in our specie’s past are no longer helpful. Viral Infections Mental illness caused by a virus  Common Misinterpretations: “If I have a strong family history of X disorder, then I’m bound to have the disorder myself!” “If X disorder has a genetic component, this means that I can’t do anything to prevent it or treat it.” Biological Treatments Psychotropic medications Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) e.g. Xanax, Valium Antidepressants e. g. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil Mood stabilizers e.g. Lithium Antipsychotics e.g. Haldol, Risperidol Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Neurosurgery Biological Approach to KP History of depression in family suggests genetic pre-disposition Antidepressant medications to treat severe symptoms (e.g., appetite disturbances, sleepdisturbances, and incapacitating sadness)Psychodynamic Paradigm  Abnormal behavior caused by unconscious conflict  deterministic view – there are no accidents!  Sigmund Freud Hysteria: Psychological conflict converted to physical symptoms (not faking!) Conflicts between id, ego, and superego result in anxiety Ego defense mechanisms: Examples: denial, rationalization, sublimation  Defense Mechanisms – some examples Developmental Stages  Each stages introduces challenges requiring adjustment of the id, ego, or superego No adjustment à Fixation = stuck in that stage  Oral – first 18 months Anal – 18 months to 3 years Phallic – 3-5 years Latency – 5-12 years Genital – 12 years - adulthood Therapy Procedures Free association Therapist interpretation Resistance, transference, and dreams Catharsis Working through Today A number of different types of psychodynamic treatments All based on the notion that functioning is shaped by interacting psychological forces Psychodynamic Approach to KP Difficulties stem from conflicts in early life & unconscious guilt about feeling angry towards her father’s abandonment Treatment would focus on confronting her feelings of grief and her early relationship with her parentsBehavioral Model Abnormal behavior caused by one’s learning history Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Modeling and Observational Learning (Bandura) Classical Conditioning Learning about the associations of stimuli One way phobias may be formed Pavlov’s dogs Conditioned emotional response E.g. fear, anxiety Generalization Involved in phobia creation Extinction Involved in treating a phobia Operant Conditioning Learning is based on consequences of behavior Punishment, reinforcement Can help therapist understand how unhealthy behaviors formed and be used to increase the frequency of healthier behaviors ModelingAlbert Bandura Learn by imitating others Bobo Doll Study Application of Behavioral Techniques Systematic desensitization Developed SUDS (Subjective Units of Distress Scale) Fear Hierarchy  Behavioral Approach to KP Problems due to early learning patterns Focus on interpersonal skills and communication (e.g., assertiveness training)Cognitive Model Information processing perspective Stimulus à *processing à output  Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, plus others Focuses on thoughts or beliefs as causing or maintaining psychological symptoms Treatment in Cognitive Therapies Discussion and challenging of irrational thoughts, identifying overgeneralizations or potential distortions Reality / evidence based – NOT just positive thinking Third-wave Approaches Mindfulness Acceptance and commitment Cognitive Approach to KP Identify automatic thoughts/irrational beliefs that lead to feelings of unhappiness Use cognitive restructuring – challenge in order to change her views of herself, the world, and her futureHumanistic-Existential Model  Behavior is product of free will Positive view of human nature Drive to self-actualization – to fulfill potential for goodness and growth (Maslow) Need to recognize weaknesses and strengths Abnormality = Conditions of worth  Features of Humanistic / Client-Centered Approach Unconditional positive regard for the client  Accurate empathy – skillful listening and restatement Genuineness – sincere communicationOther treatments to review Gestalt SpiritualSociocultural Model  Family-Social Theories Multicultural  Family-Social Theories  Societal labels and roles Rosenhan (1973) study Social networks and supports People without social support “crack” faster under stress  Family Systems  Family members interact with one another following rules unique to each family Structural & communication patterns à force people to behave in ways that otherwise seem abnormal Enmeshed Disengagement Forms of Treatment  Group therapy Self-help group Family therapy Couples/marital therapy Community mental healthMulticultural Theories  Cultural-sensitive therapies Gender sensitive therapies


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OSU PSYCH 3331 - Models of Abnormality

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