Psych 3331Final Study GuideChapter 1: Introductiono History of Abnormal Psychology- Early Views- evil spirits, bodily fluids, connection the devil- Asylums- places where people with mental illnesses were sent for “treatment”, became very overcrowded forming bad conditions- Lobotomy- method to damage frontal lobe- Moral Treatment (19th century)- stated that people with psychological illnesses should be treated with equal passion kindness and respect- Dorethea Dix- advocator for government funding, created state-ran hospitals to treat mentally ill- Somatogenic (20th century)- biological view Eugenics movement- trying to improve countries genes- Psychogenic (20th century)- non biological, rather psychological view- Deinstitutionalization (1950s)- medication was given for out-patientso How to define abnormality: The 4 D’s- Deviance- to deviate and/ or differ from the norm Appeal? Many symptoms already differ from normal behavior Limits? Cant jump to conclusion, just because you are acting different doesn’t mean you had a disorder- Distress- causing distress to person with the disorder Appeal? Most disorders are unpleasant for person who has it Limits? Some disorders are not distressing to the person who has it but rather is distressing for those around them- Dysfunction- interferes with normal activities Appeal? Many disorders do lead to functional impairments Limits? Other things can lead to impairment besides a disorder (ie-phobias, fears)- Danger- danger to one with disorder and to otherso Appeal? It can be a sign of severe psychological problemso Limits? Most people with disorders wont hurt themselvesChapter 2: Research in Abnormal Psychologyo Purpose of Research:o To discover universal laws/ principles of abnormal functioningo To gain a nomothetic understanding of abnormal psychologyo Case Studies- detailed description of a single person or a small groupo Pros: detailed information on specific case, eliminate clinical interviewso Cons: each case differs, cannot be used in comparison, cant apply to large groupo Correlational Studies- designed used to determine how much events or characteristics vary with each other- Correlation- varies from -1 to 1 (stronger affect when close to them), does not lead to causation- Incidence- number of new cases that emerge during given time- Prevalence- total number of cases in population during given time- Statistical significant- if n> 30, there is a good chance that the statistic will have a large enough difference that it cant be due by chance- Clinical significant- if the measure matters enough in the real world- Pros: high external validity, can generalize- Cons: low internal validity, cant lead to cause and affecto Experimental Studies- design where an iV is manipulated to observe the DV- IV- variable the experimenter manipulates to see change in DV- DV- variable the experimenter measures to see IV effects on it- Confounding- other variables that cause different between IV and DV- Placebo effect- improvements resulting from expectation alone- Control group- does not receive manipulation you’re interested in- Experimental group- receive manipulation you’re interested in- Single blind design- either the researches or subjects know who is in the experimental or control group- Double blind design- neither researches nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control group- Random assignment- randomly sorts participants into groups, usually leads to no confounding variables- Experimenter bias- researchers unintentionally bias outcomes of studyo Alternative experimental designs- Quasi-Experiments- investigators make sure of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large- Natural experiments- experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable- Analogue experiments- experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in lab and then conducts experiments on participants- Single subject experiments- a single participant is observed and measured both before and after manipulation of an IVo Internal/ External Validity- Low internal validity- cant lead to a cause and effect- High internal validity- can conclude with a cause and effect- Low external validity- cant generalize, not enough- High external validity- can generalize the resultsChapter 3: Abnormal Behavior and its Causeso Etiology- study of casual patterns of abnormal behavioro Biological Model- abnormal behavior is viewed as a physical illness, particularly caused by a malfunction ofthe brain- Brain anatomy- abnormality in brains actual structure- Brain chemistry- imbalance in certain neurotransmitters- Neuron communication: neuron fires and needs to get down axon and release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter crosses synapses and binds to another neuron, once bonded leads to another action potential Action potential: when the charge of cell changes- Neurotransmitters: Agonists- mimic neurotransmitters and bind occurs Antagonists- blocks receptors and bind doesn’t occur- Genetics- play a factor into developing diagnosis- Twin studies: MZ- identical, DZ- fraternal  Heritability- percent of trait due to genes Concordance- presence of the same trait- Biological treatments: Psychotropic medications - drugs that affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- form of biological treatment used primarily on depressed patients, brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patients forehead Psychosurgery- brain surgery for mental disorders o Psychodynamic Model- abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflict, reflects on childhood- Unconscious conflict- out of awareness- Determinism- nothing occurs by chance, all behavior has a cause- Defense Mechanisms Repression- not allowing painful thoughts to be conscious Denial- refusing to acknowledge existence of anxiety Projection- seeing own unacceptable impulses, desire in others Rationalization- providing socially acceptable reason for something that was motivated by something socially unacceptable Reaction-formation- doing opposite of unacceptable impulse Displacement- redirecting hostility from actual target onto a different, safer target Intellectualization- repressing emotional responses and responding logically Regression- reacting in a way you would have at a younger age Sublimation-