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Study Guide for Exam 1Chapter 1- Introductiono History of Abnormal Psychology- Early Views- evil spirits, bodily fluids, connection the devil- Asylums- places where people with mental illnesses were sent for “treatment”, became very overcrowded forming bad conditions- Labodimey- method to damage frontal lobe- Moral Treatment (19th century)- stated that people with psychological illnesses should be treated with equal passion kindness and respect- Dorthia Dix- advocator for government funding, created state-ran hospitals to treat mentally ill- Somatogenic (20th century)- biological view Eugenics movement- trying to improve countries genes- Psychogenic (20th century)- non biological, rather psychological view- Deinstitutionalization (1950s)- medication was given for out-patientso How to define abnormality: The 4 D’s- Deviance- to deviate and/ or differ from the norm Appeal? Many symptoms already differ from normal behavior Limits? Cant jump to conclusion, just because you are acting different doesn’t mean you had a disorder- Distress- causing distress to person with the disorder Appeal? Most disorders are unpleasant for person who has it Limits? Some disorders are not distressing to the person who has it but rather is distressing for those around them- Dysfunction- interferes with normal activities Appeal? Many disorders do lead to functional impairments Limits? Other things can lead to impairment besides a disorder (ie-phobias, fears)- Danger- danger to one with disorder and to otherso Appeal? It can be a sign of severe psychological problemso Limits? Most people with disorders wont hurt themselvesChapter 3- Abnormal Behavior and its Causeso Etiology- study of casual patterns of abnormal behavioro Biological Model- abnormal behavior is viewed as a physical illness, particularly caused by a malfunction of the brain- Brain anatomy- abnormality in brains actual structure- Brain chemistry- imbalance in certain neurotransmitters- Neuron communication: neuron fires and needs to get down axon and release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter crosses synapses and binds to another neuron, once bonded leads to another action potential Action potential: when the charge of cell changes- Neurotransmitters: Agonists- mimic neurotransmitters and bind occurs Antagonists- blocks receptors and bind doesn’t occur- Genetics- play a factor into developing diagnosis- Twin studies: MZ- identical, DZ- fraternal  Heritability- percent of trait due to genes Concordance- presence of the same trait- Biological treatments: Psychotropic medications - drugs that affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- form of biological treatment used primarily on depressed patients, brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patients forehead Psychosurgery- brain surgery for mental disorders o Psychodynamic Model- abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflict, reflects on childhood- Unconscious conflict- out of awareness- Determinism- nothing occurs by chance, all behavior has a cause- Defense Mechanisms Repression- not allowing painful thoughts to be conscious Denial- refusing to acknowledge existence of anxiety Projection- seeing own unacceptable impulses, desire in others Rationalization- providing socially acceptable reason for something that was motivated by something socially unacceptable Reaction-formation- doing opposite of unacceptable impulse Displacement- redirecting hostility from actual target onto a different, safer target Intellectualization- repressing emotional responses and responding logically Regression- reacting in a way you would have at a younger age Sublimation- expressing sexual urges in socially acceptable way- Id- “pleasure” without regard of consequences- Ego- “reality” looks at the whole situation- Superego- “moral” morality decisions, knows right from wrong- Types of Therapy: Free association- asking open ended questions, when I say x, say what comes to mind regardless if it is relevant Resistance- unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy Transference- relating a conversation that occurred to what actually isbothering client, so that’s how you feel towards x Catharsis- reliving past conflicts to solve them Working through- facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings and overcoming the problem-very abstract concepts that research support has to be limitedo Behavioral Model- sees abnormal behavior caused by ones learning history- Classical Conditioning- two events that repeatedly occur become fused in a persons mindo CS (condition stimulus, learned)o UCS (unconditioned stimulus, usual fear that’s already known)o UCR (unconditioned reaction, learned response)o CR (conditioned response, new response with no fear)- Operant Conditioning- learning based on consequences of behavior + Re- increases likelihood of behavior by adding something - Re- increases likelihood of behavior by removing something + Pu- decreases likelihood of a behavior by adding something - Pu decreases likelihood of a behavior by removing something how does this help therapist? Increases frequency of healthier behaviors and decreases frequency of negative behaviors- Modeling- observational learning (ie- Bobo study)- Treatments? Exposure through modeling -too simplistic, doesn’t take into account human thought processo Cognitive Model- sees abnormal behavior with processing perspective- Beck’s Cognitive Therapy- realizing your thoughts are more negative than they should be so you challenge them and try to find explanations to realize that they are too extreme- Therapies: Mindfulness- pay attention to thoughts but don’t judge them Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)- “a thought is just a thought”, used when a person is having difficulty changing thoughts-actual reasoning for thoughts is unclear and no possible for a long-term therapyo Humanistic-Existential Model- abnormal behavior is a product of free will - Self-actualization- what you do is in your control and is your choice, fulfilling your own potential (general approach)- Roger’s Humanistic: Unconditional positive regard- unconditional love and support Conditions of worth- when standards are not met No unconditional love will lead to a condition of worth Example- if you want to be study


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OSU PSYCH 3331 - Study Guide for Exam 1

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