Study Guide for Exam 1Chapter 1- Introductiono History of Abnormal Psychology- Early Views- evil spirits, bodily fluids, connection the devil- Asylums- places where people with mental illnesses were sent for “treatment”, became very overcrowded forming bad conditions- Labodimey- method to damage frontal lobe- Moral Treatment (19th century)- stated that people with psychological illnesses should be treated with equal passion kindness and respect- Dorthia Dix- advocator for government funding, created state-ran hospitals to treat mentally ill- Somatogenic (20th century)- biological view Eugenics movement- trying to improve countries genes- Psychogenic (20th century)- non biological, rather psychological view- Deinstitutionalization (1950s)- medication was given for out-patientso How to define abnormality: The 4 D’s- Deviance- to deviate and/ or differ from the norm Appeal? Many symptoms already differ from normal behavior Limits? Cant jump to conclusion, just because you are acting different doesn’t mean you had a disorder- Distress- causing distress to person with the disorder Appeal? Most disorders are unpleasant for person who has it Limits? Some disorders are not distressing to the person who has it but rather is distressing for those around them- Dysfunction- interferes with normal activities Appeal? Many disorders do lead to functional impairments Limits? Other things can lead to impairment besides a disorder (ie-phobias, fears)- Danger- danger to one with disorder and to otherso Appeal? It can be a sign of severe psychological problemso Limits? Most people with disorders wont hurt themselvesChapter 3- Abnormal Behavior and its Causeso Etiology- study of casual patterns of abnormal behavioro Biological Model- abnormal behavior is viewed as a physical illness, particularly caused by a malfunction of the brain- Brain anatomy- abnormality in brains actual structure- Brain chemistry- imbalance in certain neurotransmitters- Neuron communication: neuron fires and needs to get down axon and release neurotransmitter, neurotransmitter crosses synapses and binds to another neuron, once bonded leads to another action potential Action potential: when the charge of cell changes- Neurotransmitters: Agonists- mimic neurotransmitters and bind occurs Antagonists- blocks receptors and bind doesn’t occur- Genetics- play a factor into developing diagnosis- Twin studies: MZ- identical, DZ- fraternal Heritability- percent of trait due to genes Concordance- presence of the same trait- Biological treatments: Psychotropic medications - drugs that affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- form of biological treatment used primarily on depressed patients, brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patients forehead Psychosurgery- brain surgery for mental disorders o Psychodynamic Model- abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflict, reflects on childhood- Unconscious conflict- out of awareness- Determinism- nothing occurs by chance, all behavior has a cause- Defense Mechanisms Repression- not allowing painful thoughts to be conscious Denial- refusing to acknowledge existence of anxiety Projection- seeing own unacceptable impulses, desire in others Rationalization- providing socially acceptable reason for something that was motivated by something socially unacceptable Reaction-formation- doing opposite of unacceptable impulse Displacement- redirecting hostility from actual target onto a different, safer target Intellectualization- repressing emotional responses and responding logically Regression- reacting in a way you would have at a younger age Sublimation- expressing sexual urges in socially acceptable way- Id- “pleasure” without regard of consequences- Ego- “reality” looks at the whole situation- Superego- “moral” morality decisions, knows right from wrong- Types of Therapy: Free association- asking open ended questions, when I say x, say what comes to mind regardless if it is relevant Resistance- unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy Transference- relating a conversation that occurred to what actually isbothering client, so that’s how you feel towards x Catharsis- reliving past conflicts to solve them Working through- facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings and overcoming the problem-very abstract concepts that research support has to be limitedo Behavioral Model- sees abnormal behavior caused by ones learning history- Classical Conditioning- two events that repeatedly occur become fused in a persons mindo CS (condition stimulus, learned)o UCS (unconditioned stimulus, usual fear that’s already known)o UCR (unconditioned reaction, learned response)o CR (conditioned response, new response with no fear)- Operant Conditioning- learning based on consequences of behavior + Re- increases likelihood of behavior by adding something - Re- increases likelihood of behavior by removing something + Pu- decreases likelihood of a behavior by adding something - Pu decreases likelihood of a behavior by removing something how does this help therapist? Increases frequency of healthier behaviors and decreases frequency of negative behaviors- Modeling- observational learning (ie- Bobo study)- Treatments? Exposure through modeling -too simplistic, doesn’t take into account human thought processo Cognitive Model- sees abnormal behavior with processing perspective- Beck’s Cognitive Therapy- realizing your thoughts are more negative than they should be so you challenge them and try to find explanations to realize that they are too extreme- Therapies: Mindfulness- pay attention to thoughts but don’t judge them Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)- “a thought is just a thought”, used when a person is having difficulty changing thoughts-actual reasoning for thoughts is unclear and no possible for a long-term therapyo Humanistic-Existential Model- abnormal behavior is a product of free will - Self-actualization- what you do is in your control and is your choice, fulfilling your own potential (general approach)- Roger’s Humanistic: Unconditional positive regard- unconditional love and support Conditions of worth- when standards are not met No unconditional love will lead to a condition of worth Example- if you want to be study
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