Ch 7 20th Century Rehabilitative Ideal and Correctional System 1900 1960s Intro o Francis Allen formed the 20th century rehabilitative ideal which was founded on the progressive agenda that scientific casework would reveal the causes of crime and tell us what the appropriate rehab strategy was o Focus on this time causes of crime o The Chicago School was a sociology department that shaped the ideology on crime in the late 1930s o Ideology of this time was that the more you know about the offender the better you can implement treatment This belief is what expanded the CJS even more because many programs were being created as more options for individual treatment Foucault knowledge of the offender generates more power over the offender o Progressive era o Focused on refining current strategies vs creating new o Expanding penal system was reflected through ones rehabilitation classification professionalization and bureaucratization Rehabilitative Ideal and Crime o Causation drop out 4 assumptions underlying the rehabilitative ideal All individuals are products of a particular Ex Kids in poverty are more likely to past Some events in a person s life are more significant than others in causation of behavior treatment plans the society and the offender Knowing the causes of behavior can lead to Treating criminals is in the best interest of Social Disorganization and the Culture Conflict Social disorganization as a means to explain The goal of social reorganization is crime assimilation Shaw study crime and delinquency are inevitable reactions to a negative environment both living and work Crime and delinquency as a function of geographic locality vs individual psychology The idea of Culture Conflict was created because of the theory that crime and delinquency evolved from social disorganization Differential Association Sutherland crime is learned Sutherland focused more on the distributions of crime within American Society Anomie and the American Dream Merton focused more on explaining the overall high occurrence of crime in American Society The idea that the American Dream causes crime because of the lack of equal opportunity to obtain the American Dream through legal means o Since the main drive that criminal and delinquent Growth and Refinement of the Correctional System behavior was only able to be treated through individualized rehabilitation the emergence of many treatment parole probation juvenile court was formed and labeled the 20th century penology that more is better o Prison Expansion Differentiation and Treatment Development of Federal Prisons via Congress without centralized administration Created because of the need for more efficient record keeping proper classification and segregation o The classification of prisoners helped the separation Defendants Sentenced by State and Type of Sentence process They were separated based on the seriousness of the crime as well as which form of work would rehabilitate them better academic and vocational o Federal prison treatment programs were therapeutic Expansion of Parole and Probation o Parole was once used for low risk offenders and then transitioned to being a method of releasing inmates o State differences in court organization were one of the reasons why probation did not have the same speed and continuity that parole did Overall System Expansion and Control Uneven Progress and Correctional System Failure o The idea of classification systems wasn t really present o Group counsel really served as a means to maintain control over the offenders because they were more so correctional workers vs having any clinical background textbooks were outdated maintenance need rather than provide offenders with employment skills o Prison teachers weren t even certified teachers and o The vocational programs were really to meet Rehabilitative Ideal Explain Treat and Eliminate Reflection of progressive era approach to confronting social problems through the combined efforts of government and science Rehabilitative ideal gave rise to the correctional system Goal of rehabilitation search for causes of crime o Led to more complicated and individualized explanations of crime which led to more differentiation and classification of offenders and more bureaucratized penal strategies Assimilation into American society is a pattern of all Again all of these programs became supplements vs rehabilitative penal strategies replacements of incarceration Further expanding the penal system and government control Ch 8 Prison Subcultures 1950s 1960s Introduction Inmate responses to penal conditions what are they Penal reform target groups who are they Psychological impact of confinement what is it Social organization of life behind bars what is it 20th cent rehabilitative ideal led to the beginning of understanding prison life specifically the emergence of sociology The presence of riots increasing in the 1950s casted doubt over the assumption that prisons operated under absolute power Prison Community Clemmer s The Prison Community studied how the prison community shaped the attitudes and behavior of prisoners Results concluded that prisoner s assimilate to the prisionization based on their inferior role and experiences o At the beginning inmates are thankful to work with any job receive food and shelter However overtime inmates become dissatisfied and desire preferences prisonization o Clemmer s 5 factors that accelerate or delay Pre prison personality Type and extend of relationships maintained with Whether the inmate accepts the creeds and codes those outside and inside the prison Inmate associations not of their choosing of the prison subculture or just follows it to survive o Clemmer The longer the prison sentence the more o Clemmer fails to address the impact of prisonization extreme the prisonization upon release nor did he address the origins of the prison subculture Wheeler relationship with prison sentence length and extent of prisonization is consisted with an inverted U shape prisonization is less at the beginning and end and greater during the middle Also the degree varies by prison roles Sykes and Messinger on prisonization prisonization are less severe in treatment oriented institutions than disciplinarian oriented institutions Sykes The society of captives studied the impact of the NY state maximum security prison environment on the mentality and self concept of the inmate He terms these psychological pains as pains of imprisonment o Pains of