Age of the Penitentiary in 19th Century America 1830 1870s Nature of Society Immigration boom Rise in cities and population Westward expansion Economic boom Agriculture Industrialization Decline in Patriarchal society People more Entrepreneurial New religious denominations Rise in charities Temperance crusades Hard liquor increase Violent crime increase Emergence of gangs Inventions cotton cultivation textile iron railroad Smaller nuclear household vs extended family Increase crime Guiding Beliefs Ideology Crime as a moral disease Urban disenchantment Social disorganization creates crime Keep evil city away from offenders Change the offender vs punish Democratized nation vs biblical interpretations Mankind was empowered to improve society 1 problem was alcohol Crime as a social context Gresham Powers Edward Livingston John Griscom Thomas Eddy Dr Benjamin Rush Broken families caused crime Bad environments caused crime Prison authorities need to be portrayed as compassionate and non Intemperance self indulgence caused crime threatening Shaped by managerial and fiscal concerns South vs North Responses to Crime Methods of Control Penitentiary vs Prisons American Society for the Promotion of Temperance Dr Rush s immobilizing tranquilizer chair solitary confinement Resolve social ills vs deter Philadelphia Eastern Penitentiary hooded inmates Average sentence 4 8 years Auburn vs Pennsylvania Whippings Ball and Chain Maine Buckets of water dumped on inmates in cold Pennsylvania Pouring alcohol on epileptic inmates New Jersey Bloodletting South vs North punishments Iron gag Pennsylvania Understanding the Concepts of Guiding Beliefs Ideology A Gresham Powers B Edward Livingston Gresham Powers supported the ideology of crime as a moral disease through his belief that the causes of crime were found in wealth population size immigration commerce and in manufacturing Edward Livingston supported the ideology of crime as a moral disease through his belief of crime being a product of intemperance idleness ignorance irreligion and poverty C John Griscom D Thomas Eddy John Griscom supported the ideology of crime as a moral disease through his belief that crime is due to bad parenting and the absence of domestic government His belief supported the common factor between broken families in the prison population E Dr Benjamin Rush Thomas Eddy supported the ideology of crime as a moral disease through his belief that crime was traced back to excessive passions that overwhelmed the virtues of reason and rationality He believed that the main excessive passion of this time was alcohol Dr Benjamin Rush was a humanitarian who believed that distress of all kinds when seen produced sympathy and disposition to relieve it He believed that one could return to good moral health through the constant employment of bodily labor He designed an immobilizing tranquilizer chair to support his idea of solitary confinement He believed that solitary confinement for two days would internalize self F South vs North control through guilt given conscious His thoughts were taken from his ideology that punishment should always appear worse than it actually was Southern punishment was based on economic needs this can be seen through their use of convict lease systems What they would do is lease out slaves to private companies in return for money The North based the punishments on philanthropic ideas Understanding Different Penitentiaries in The Age of the Penitentiary A Auburn Penitentiary a The Auburn Penitentiary believed that isolation led to mental illness and suicide This belief is what influenced the direction of their punishments Inmates worked during the day in silence while only being in solitude at night Their rules were focused on order silence routine mandatory labor and they marched in lines to get their food while also took order from a ringing bell B Pennsylvania Penitentiary a The Pennsylvania Penitentiary believed that the congregation of convicts led to contamination This belief is what influenced their inmates to live in isolation The only time that inmates were relieved from solitude is if they received visits from chaplains labor in cells inspectors or exercise They were based off of rules of order silence routine and mandatory labor they also had assigned clothes scheduled days and diets A common form of punishment used on talkers was an iron gag they were also known for throwing buckets of water on inmates during the winter C Philadelphia Penitentiary a At the Philadelphia Penitentiary inmates wore their hoods during any form of transportation The reason behind wearing the hoods was to prevent recognition and or re infection This supported the ideology of this time that crime was a moral disease This is an example of surveillance and self discipline D American Society for the Promotion of Temperance a The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was formed as result to the hard liquor increase American families on average were consuming 9 5 gallons of hard liquor a year They were pretty successful in a 15 year period alcohol consumption reduced by 75 How the Methods of Control in The Age of the Penitentiary Failed 1 Prison reform a Overcrowding recidivism b The more years incarcerated the higher the chance of recidivism c The extension vs replacement supports American Penology s argument of Net widening The tendency to extend control over more of the population vs providing an alternative d Could support the theme that the disparity between the ideas and consequences of CJS are intentional because the CJS cares more about the maintenance of survival and expansion 2 Bloodletting a Killed more than cured 3 Separation Isolation 4 Convict lease system South offenders a Overcrowding led to its end in 1860 safety issues a Lack of surveillance led to corruption high mortality and loosing b Could support the theme that the disparity between the ideas and consequences of CJS are intentional because the CJS cares more about the maintenance of survival and expansion 5 Silent System 6 Solitary Confinement a Unenforceable b Could support the theme that the disparity between the ideas and consequences of CJS are intentional because the CJS cares more about the maintenance of survival and expansion a Too expensive and bad for mental health b Could support the theme that the disparity between the ideas and consequences of CJS are intentional because the CJS cares more about the maintenance of survival and