Corrections Final Exam Study Guide Final December 7 2015 7 30 9 30 am Chapters 10 11 12 13 14 Class Notes T F Multi Choice 6 essay pick 4 1 comprehensive essay Chapter 10 Decentralizing Corrections 1960s 1970s Nature of society o 1960s Prior to the 1960s prevailing assumption was that the CJS operated with Disinterested Professionalism Goal oriented daily practices war mentality War on crime Against domestic social ills foreign enemies with the weapon being massive mobilization of national resources 1964 election of Lyndon B Johnson Assassination of Kennedy Wanted to create a new system of control Topic of Crime control was major initiative o Gentleman s agreement through federal funds 1967 book Commission Reports on the Challenge of Crime in American Society Only cases of manifest danger should go to old CJS the rest to diversionary alternatives o Not stigmatizing or formal 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Created Law Enforcement Assistance Administration LEAA Launch nationwide implementation of decentralization reforms Grant aid for state and local government for efforts to confront crime Increased recognition and rights for incarcerated offenders prisoners rights movement fueled decentralization of corrections movement total institutions problematic Rather than reform and refine the idea was to start emptying them In place of institutionalization effort to convince policy makers and the public of the value of community care and community corrections Concentration on the damaging behavior of the justice system rather than on the behavior of the offender Fundamental assumptions American society came to realize CJS was taking on a life of its own Interaction with the CJS can create intensify and perpetuate criminal behavior Ideology o Labeling theory State labels stigmatizes offenders subjecting them to criminal associations that make criminal careers more likely o Secondary deviance Policy directives Reduce criminal justice systems intervention into the lives of criminals Young offenders are to be diverted from the system whenever possible All offenders kept out of reformatories prisons o Change from more is better to less state intervention more community o Frank Tannenbaum 1938 First to introduce notion of labeling a criminal Dramatization of evil is initiated in response to acts of normal youthful misbehavior Best policy refusal to dramatize the evils Diversion deinstitutionalization and other community based programs intended to eliminate dramatization of evil o Edwin Lemert 1951 Primary Deviance Deviant acts committed for situational or personal reasons spontaneous NOT fundamental for identity Secondary deviance When the act no longer detaches from his or her self identity Corrections o Decentralizing corrections replacing formal processing with informal and voluntary forms of community treatment Private non profit agencies volunteer organizations partnerships between government non government agencies Prejudicial dispositions o Handling cases unofficially through diversion deinstitutionalization and community based programs Centerpieces of federal funding o Diversion Juvenile diversion programs were the early mainstream of decentralization movement Narrowing of official juvenile justice jurisdiction to only those cases of manifest danger Types of programs Youth Houses o Alternative to detention o Voluntary participation by the juvenile and family in working out and following a plan of service or rehabilitation Community outreach centers o Like neighborhood drop ins o Slum neighborhoods o Many self referred to look for jobs Drug Abuse units Family intervention o Most prominent o Governmental efforts to intervene System modification Alternatives to traditional juvenile justice system processing Minimizes youth contact with formal juvenile justice system Typology Paralegal system Legal dominant models in country o Official justice agency personnel police juvenile court etc o Formal legal sanctions located on or witin official agencies o Operated outside of agencies but were funded by official justice o Probation o Formal or informal reporting of progress to justice system Nonlegal Net widening o Client focused client participation voluntary o No funding sources or means of reporting Increased overall proportion of the base population subject to correctional control Diversion practices were applied to youth and families who prior to implementation would not have been in contact with the official justice system Results of Diversion Lincoln 1977 study o Lower rates of recidivism for diverted youth than those who had formal court processing o Capacity to increase client jeopardy official system penetration and subsequent behavior difficulties Ex Unable to meet requirements returned for prosecution for original charge probation supervision Double jeopardy o Families unable to comply became broken Out of home placement for youth Starting from something as mundane as running away o Deinstitutionalization Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 Need for comprehensive continual well funded approach Created Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention OJJDP o Works with LEAA Issue Excessive use of secure confinement in detention facilities and juvenile justice institutions Mixing with adult offenders Reform initiative Termination of juvenile detention for status offenders Juveniles who commit acts that would not be criminal if committed by an adult Two goals Reduce use of secure confinement Encourage use of community treatment for status offenders o Youth advocacy and delinquency prevention in high delinquency Results of deinstitutionalization areas Post program rates showed little difference between deinstitutionalized and institutionalized youth Klein 1979 o Deinstitutionalization and diversion were not implemented as intended what has been reported as program failure actually has been a failure of proper implementation Goals cannot be readily seen in practice o Decentralizing Adult Corrections 1973 LEAA implemented the Exemplary Projects Program Des Moines program o Alternatives to confinement before and after trial o Helping services for convicts o Components upon release recognizance supervised release pretrial release intensive probation residential faculty services work release centers Results Communities that do not share some of the characteristics of the Des Moines community and criminal justice system provide an unfavorable