Exam 2 Chapters 7 8 9 and Society of Captives Chapter 7 Twentieth Century Rehabilitative Ideal and Correctional System 1900 1960 s Nature of Society The juvenile court probation indeterminate sentencing parole and the reformatory all stemmed from the broad social mission of the progressive agenda Refining existing strategies rather than creating new ones Most of the industrial workforce in Chicago lived in the slums which was believed to be a breeding ground for unrest and related social problems among workers and their children Trend in Chicago school studies of crime was to identify and describe various social correlates of crime that taken together could provide a grounded explanation of crime to guide various accommodations or correction effects University of Chicago o Rockefeller grants amounting to several million dollars transformed a small Baptist College o Rockefeller wanted to establish an urban social work purpose and was concerned about the instability among workforce o The university s sociology department began with the singular goal of improving the slums o Speak out publicly in defense of ethnic groups and to call for various corrective actions aimed at improving the inferior living working and educational conditions in the slums Beliefs Ideals The development of the following theories of criminality and delinquency was a continuing focus upon the individual offender and associated correlates of criminal behavior thereby enabling the development of correctional strategies that could treat those causes successfully Twentieth century rehabilitative ideal o Scientific casework would reveal the causes of crime and appropriate rehabilitation strategies o The premise behind the progressive based penology o Fueled a search for the causes of crime that was undertaken in large part by the newly created University of Chicago Knowledge power dyad o Ideological force was that knowledge about the offender enables better individualized treatment which necessitates more program options o Foucault calls this escalating spiral of life history theory and programming as a knowledge power dyad wherein knowledge of the offender generates more power over the offender o Underlying the twentieth century rehabilitative ideal are 4 assumptions 1 Human behavior is a product of antecedent causes This assumption established the fundamental principle of the rehabilitative ideal The reasoning is that all individuals are products of a particular part Ex children with many siblings or no siblings children raised in an abusive home raised in a nurturing home determine individual behavior whether criminal or law abiding 2 Antecedent causes of human behavior can be identified and it is the obligation of behavioral scientists to discover and describe the antecedent causes Particular antecedent events will emerge as more significant than others in causing an individual s behavior patterns Ex living in slum areas where crime is rampant and a way of life causes the particular problem behavior 3 Knowledge of the antecedent causes of problem behavior enables scientific treatment of human behavior problems Individual treatments plans can be designed and implemented that target the causes of bad behavior and alter the individual s subsequent behavior Ex Specific counseling and other related therapy designed to overcome 4 Treatment for criminal behavior serves to be in the best interest of the offender and of society by making those treated contributing members of society Once an offender receives successful treatment it was believed there would be a reduction in recidivism and offender would hold a job pay taxes raise a family contribution Social Disorganization o Journalistic and social work orientation led to the explanation of social and economic forces in the slums and their role in shaping the way slum residents thought behaved Referred to as social disorganization o There are characterized processes and interactions where individuals are socialized and social control and community social organization are maintained When interactions or processes are disrupted social control is weakened and social problems emerge in the form of violations of morals customs and the laws o When there are breakdowns in socialization and social processes that result in problems such as crime there is an inherent capacity within American society to confront and overcome these breakdowns o American society is characterized by ever present conditions of competition which generates conflict manifested in social problems such as crime o American society posses the ability to accommodate and or correct conditions leading to conflict and other social problems enabling the assimilation of all of society s member into American common culture o SO Social change results in social disorganization and conflict create social problems crime but as social reorganization progresses through accommodations and corrections resulting in assimilation social problems disappear o Shaw and Shaw and McKay depicted crime and delinquency as inevitable reactions to the overwhelming environmental forces at work in the slum neighborhoods of Chicago o Despite rapid population increases and turnover crime and delinquency rates in particular geographic neighborhoods remained constant As a result crime and delinquency became viewed as a function of geographic locality rather than individual psychology o Culture conflict general theory of crime and delinquency that evolved from the social disorganization research Culture of slum neighborhoods is in conflict with larger and more dominant culture of middle class America o Slum neighborhoods become subject to better sanitation improved schools and health care communities and residents become reorganized around middle class norms and crime and delinquency should decline o Sutherland concluded that the Chicago school s research findings on the city s slums demonstrated differential social organization rather than social disorganization He argued that the slum neighborhoods were characterized by specific community sentiments and ongoing activities connected to creation and indoctrination of delinquent and criminal behavior o Contended people become delinquent criminal through a form of learning structured by the individual being exposed to an excess of definitions unfavorable to the violation of law o Delinquency and crime are learned through the same processes that law abiding behaviors are learn o Nine