EXP3202C Exam 3 Study Guide 1 What is kinesthesis and proprioception How are proprioceptive receptors similar to some cutaneous receptors How do kinesthesis and cutaneous sensation work together a Kinesthesis the perception of the position and movement of our limbs in space b Proprioception perception of position of body in space mediated by kinesthetic and vestibular receptors c Kinesthesis and cutaneous receptors combine to produce unitary experience 2 What are the major components to the vestibular system How do the different vestibular parts differ in terms of which stimuli best activate them Explain why someone might feel spinning if they have Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo BPPV a b BPPV gravity causes activity of semicircular system feel spinning i Treatment maneuver to shake otoconia out of semicircular canal 3 What is one hypothesis of neural processing that explains why can t you tickle yourself a Cancellation of sensory activation by copy of motor command 4 How do we detect temperature What types of fibers are used Describe how the concept of adaptation works in temperature perception What is paradoxical cold and how does it emerge a Temperature i Warm and cold receptors free nerve endings ii Cold near surface warm deeper iii Both increase firing rate for respective specialty iv Hot spots and more cold spots on skin patches v Relatively in hot cold not absolute accurate measure b Thermal receptivity functions i Increased temp increased activity of warm fibers ii Decreased temp increased activity of cold fibers iii Perception depends on which type of fiber increases its activity c Adaptation and relativity of temperature perception i Adapt to different temperatures ii Put hands in same temperature water 1 Resulting perception a Left feels warm right feels cold even though in the same absolute temp iii Paradoxical cold cold spots stimulated by very warm gives cold sensation 1 Sensation perception brain creates cold perception not the stimulus 5 What stimuli evoke the perception of pain and what types of cutaneous receptors are thought to be involved What is referred pain and what is one hypothesis about why it happens a The stimulus pain is a perception NOT a stimulus b Damaged cells release a variety of chemicals c Nociceptors activated by the released chemicals white blood cells escape and release more chemicals i Nociceptors free nerve endings activated by various chemicals ii Many analgesics work by blocking the formation of these chemicals 1 Anti histamines relieve itch 2 Aspirin ibuprofen prevent production d Referred pain pain felt away from injured area i Visceral internal pain is difficult to localize ii Internal organ and skin go to same projection neuron converge 6 Explain the common pattern of pain perception say after hitting your thumb with a hammer by describing which neurons are activated and the timing of their activation Describe the spinal gate control theory what are L and S fibers What is the circuit What phenomena does it help explain How does it explain those phenomena a Pattern of pain perception b Spinal Gate Theory explains temporal aspects of pain perception like rubbing perhaps some part of acupuncture i To alleviate pain decrease activity of S increase activity of L 7 How do opiates control pain in the spinal cord Specifically how is it similar and different to the events described in question 6 above What phenomena can be attributed to the action of endogenous opiates and how do we know that opiates are involved a Opiates i The body makes chemicals like morphine 1 Endogenous Opiates a Endorphin b Enkephalins 2 Endogenous opiates a Explain how opiates work we have receptors for them b Stress can induce release of endogenous opiate c A component of acupuncture d A component of placebo effects e How do we know these facts i Pharmacology studies using receptors agonists activates receptor i e morphine and antagonists blocks receptor i e naloxone ii Logic of approach 1 2 If behavior is caused by endogenous opiate should see it by giving agonist If behavior is caused by endogenous opiate should prevent it by giving antagonist 3 Example stress induced analgesia a Lower pain sensitivity in stressful situation b Prevented by naloxone i Conclusion stress causes activation endogenous opiate system ii Various psychological physiological conditions can release these chemicals 1 Stress induced analgesia iii Can control pain pathways within the brain but also providing descending control of pain in the spinal cord b Opiates inhibit 2 ways i ii Inhibits activity of the projection neuron Inhibits release of neurotransmitter from nociceptor c Logic of pharmacological approach 8 What method might be used to show that a particular type of neurotransmitter receptor is involved in a particular behavior What is the difference between a receptor agonist and a receptor antagonist a Agonist substance that activates receptor morphine mimics effects of endogenous made by body opiate b Antagonist substance that prevents activation of the receptor Naloxone prevents the effects of endogenous or exogenous agonists 9 What is one explanation for the cause of headaches where are the receptors and what do they detect What is the difference between how common over the counter analgesics relieve pain and how a drug like morphine relieves pain what are the different mechanisms of their action a Headaches brain tissue has no nociceptors but meninges do i Brain and spinal cord are encased by meninges system of membranes encasing brain and spinal cord ii Lots of blood vessels and nociceptors too iii Pia mater tight fitting covering of brain tissue iv Thought that chemicals released by blood vessels in meninges can activate the nociceptors that are present there b Subdural Hematoma collection of blood under dura i Common cause traumatic head injury ii Symptoms include headache and a variety of secondary neurological effects e g loss of consciousness seizures etc c Epidural anesthesia regional pain relief for some surgery and for childbirth i Drugs injected just outside the dura ii Pain relief from region that enters the spine near injection site 10 What distinguishes olfactory stimuli from taste stimuli What roles do chemosensory systems have in guiding behavior a The stimuli for taste are chemical substances dissolved in water or other fluids The stimuli for smell are volatile chemical substances suspended in the air and is stimulated by olfactory receptors in the upper
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