Chapter I CJC 3010 Exam I Study Guide Net Widening tendency of penal reformers to sequentially extend control over more of the base pop rather than to provide alternative control as generally claimed in the promotion of penal reforms Much of the penal reform consisted of efforts to modify differentiate change previous penal practices In practice these reforms became supplements therefore extending the general population to some form of penal control or net widening Chapter II Colonial America 1600 1790 Punishment resembled England s Church and State were mutually reinforced English Common Law oral testimony jury of peers classification of offenses Nature of Society Small spread about communities from one another Religion 20 30 people relied on one another farmer blacksmith etc interdependent many people gathered for public punishments Colonists were not tolerant of outsiders founded on shared faith cooperation criminal codes to control prices and wages informal social control Ideology Grim Determinism God pre ordains all No intention to change behavior because there was no control over it Crime sin Foundation of ideals based on church community family Liberal pluralist views conformists Methods of Crime Control Judges read excerpts from the bible while administering punishments Heavily guided by the bible Punishments were often public served as a method of deterrence Punishments were often brutal stoning whippings mutilation shaming banishment shock death Punishment of crime was necessary regardless of effectiveness bc it was morally right deserved Jails were merely houses converted to jail with a keeper pay for their keep regardless of age sex crime committed escape was often Chapter III Penal Code Reform in the Period of Transition 1790 1830 The Enlightenment also known as secular rationalist movement originating in England humanitarian reform guided by natural scientific laws Principle of Utility man is unable to free himself from the overriding need for pleasure avoidance of pain Specific Deterrence punishment to prevent future criminal acts committed by apprehended offenders Genera Deterrence same as above just with potential offenders Utilitarianism mankind is ruled by 2 masters of pleasure and pain o Hedonistic behavior of men is to maximize pleasure and reduce pain Nature of Society Industrialization Urbanization Immigration Drinking gambling prostitution robbery lawlessness widespread Population increases cities developed Patriarchal authority eroding Youth left home Lifestyle of individualism self interest over self sacrifice Ideology Science reason rationality God no longer pre ordained actions Cities were regarded as cess pools of greed poverty material excess Men were equal humans are naturally good and could improve perfect themselves morally Utilitarianism liberalism equality 3 Series Scientific achievement reasoning could alter destiny o Social Contract Theory criminals offending greater happiness of community o Natural Law and Justice Theory o Utilitarianism Methods of Crime Control Penal codes treated individuals with dignity o Articulated plainly codified uniform Adopted incarceration o Awful places vermin fleas lice o Death penalty less utilized as a result Beginning of law enforcement Punishment was to be certain prompt proportionate Chapter IV Age of the Penitentiary in 19th Century America 1830 1870 s Panopticon image of perfect prison with guard towers for surveillance self o separate bodies from disease from one another discipline Nature of Society crime vice persistent Communities became stratified political life freedom opportunity westward expansion with cities developing on Eastern seaboard booming economy cotton iron railroads wealth and improvements in manufacturing industrialization immigration fathers lost ability to control kids adol Focus on their future school families uprooted marriage delayed small nuclear household lead to crime new religions denominations alcohol very prominent Ideology growing sense of fear disenchantment crime viewed as product of disorganized and evil city environment moral panic Pennsylvania penal system believed congregation of inmates lead to lower classes were habituated to bad parenting alcohol abuse crime viewed as infectious disease contamination Methods of Crime Control Focus moved to curing Development of insane asylums orphan asylums penitentiaries Reforming prisons large elaborate design North build better prison South convict leasing plantations Level of mystery behind walls to scare general public Obedience routine silence labor separation surveillance pure air Penn system uninterrupted solitary confinement Auburn system silent association work together without talking Convicts dressed alike ate the same meals Those who disobeyed were beaten sweat boxes ball and chain stretcher Early release common due to overcrowding Convict lease system in south eventually replaced by plantation farm Chapter 5 Progressivism Reformatory Parole and Probation 1880 1920 s Progressive Era sweeping policy changes gov would make rehabilitation possible Aimed at being a collection of movements to improve social political and economic way of life as well as Americanize immigrants into Melting pot or order Mystic Morality one could neither see nor measure motives morals of offender Declaration of Principles 37 principles promoting individualized care and scientific treatment of offenders based on a medical model Nature of Society New role of gov in private affairs responsible for national quality of life Immigration larger cities brought on overcrowding health nightmare o Immigrants moved to NE typically in search for religious political freedom Urbanization crime high suicide rate broken homes prostitution alcoholism unemployment huge Industrialization boom of factories burning coal Poverty disease in slums Social Disorganization poverty low wage overcrowding reasons for crime U S out performed rest of world in agriculture industrialization output coal gold silver etc Muckrakers editors novelists essayists Settlement House took on enemies of modern cities including unsanitary housing poisonous sewage contaminated water people who sought to help poor citizens Ideology Environmental determinism school of thought concerning cause of crime Focus on the biological sociological psychological schools of thought in relation to crime Concern for radical economic changes to improve quality of national life in general and the lives of the