Romanticism Main points and notes o 1800 1900 o Interest in supernatural sublime occult mystic human psyche individual o Music was considered the most romantic o Expanded the orchestra into the symphony Music in the Home o More than just for the elite and musically gifted o Decrease in performance costs o Expanding middle class Schubert o 1797 1828 o Composer for voice and piano works o Composed chamber music Private performances not for large crowds o Erlkonig 1815 A ballad that tells a story Based on the poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 8 stanzas Modified strophic form More syllabic Duple meter 19th Century Symphony o Beethoven 1770 1827 German Was first a performer than later became a composer Went deaf in 1818 Studied with Haydn for a year 1800 became sought after as a composer Considered one of history s greatest composers Symphony no 5 in C Minor 1st movement 1808 Sonata form o Exposition theme is only four notes 1st theme is almost constantly present Theme 1 is in tonic and theme 2 is in new key Monophonic texture Loud dynamics o Development development of themes Harmonic instability Mainly focuses on 1st theme o Recapitulation Ends in major not tonic Changes instrumentation Oboe cadenza towards the end o Coda confirms tonic A new theme is introduced Beethoven s works as a reflection of his personal life o Triumph of art over adversity and tragedy Through this symphony Monophonic opening grabs attention 1st theme is rhythmic and persistent Uses recapitulation as transformation or triumph Cyclic construction of symphony where it all fits together through a similar musical idea o Johannes Brahms 1833 1897 German composer Modeled himself after earlier composers Concert pianist and conductor Haydn Beethoven Bach Music was technically impressive Symphony no 4 in E minor Finale 1885 Theme and variations form theme is based on ostinato o got these ideas from Beethoven and Bach monophonic texture at the beginning o borrowed from Beethoven loud dynamics complex rhythm o Brahms style Harmony minor o Some predictable things o Some surprises o Thick harmony o Program Music an instrumental work associated with a story event or idea 19th Century Program Music not genre o Felix Mendelssohn 1809 1847 Well educated as a child and had many musical experiences Musical prodigy Jewish turned Protestant Spoke several languages Painter musician composer and conductor Revived Bach s work Overture to A Midsummer Night s Dream 1826 Inspired by Shakespeare s play A Midsummer Night s Dream Concert overture open a concert 5 themes each representing certain characters orchestral work in a single movement intended to o Theme 1 forest o Theme 2 fairies o Theme 3 Thesus the ruler of the humans o Theme 4 human lovers o Theme 5 Donkey o Hector Berlioz Sonata Form 1803 1869 French Most of income came from writing music reviews Had an obsession with Harriet Smithson Symponie Fastastique movement 4 symphony based on an extra musical o Term invented by Berlioz for a musical idea used obsessively 1830 Programmatic Symphony program 5 movements Idee fixe March through music o Bass and lower brass o Drum beat o Minor o Dark o Rhythm of footsteps 19th Century Chamber Music o Frederic Chopin 1810 1849 Polish Piano virtuoso Died of TB Only composed for piano Mazurka in B flat Mazurka 1830s originally a Polish folk dance o became fashionable ballroom dance in Paris in the 19th Century o triple meter with emphasis on the second and third beats o typical opening rhythmic figure o homophonic texture o Character piece piano that seeks to convey a particular mood or allusion a short instrumental piece usually for solo o Displays nationalism use of musical elements that reflect the practices of a particular nation o Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel 1805 1847 Felix Mendelssohn s sister Performer pianist and composer Some of her music was published under her brother s name Piano Trio in D Minor 1846 Piano Trio o Ensemble is piano violin and cello o Genre is a composition for the ensemble o In 19th century usually has four movements o 3rd movement Clear melody with accompaniment homophonic modified strophic form lyrical and syllabic melody slightly to reflect changes in text music in each strophe changes melody changes instrument harmony changes from major to minor texture sometimes changes to polyphonic Italian Opera in Mid to Later 19th Century o Still has recitatives arias ensembles and choruses Predominance of accompanied recitative Blurring function in recitatives and arias Virtuosity focus Orchestra is subordinate to singer s Lots of homophonic texture Increasing use of serious tragic plots Realism 1813 1901 Known solely as composer of opera La Traviata 1853 Recitative o Accompanied recitative o Verdi o Homophonic texture o Text is reflective like an aria o Free meter o No clear beat o Singer has lots of melismas and varies in range Aria o Clear beat and meter o Lyrical melody o Music reflects text by major melody with triple meter Fast Staccato Sounds like dancing o Consonant harmony o Homophonic texture German Opera in the 19th Century o Richard Wagner 1813 1883 Wrote primarily opera German nationalist Extra marital affairs Influenced by the ideology of Karl Marx Hitler adopted him as national hero Gesamtkunstwerk total artwork o Unity of all artwork Includes music poetry dance and painting o Equal importance of orchestra and voices Leitmotif A musical piece or motive associated with a person event or idea in the drama o Can occur in orchestra or vocals Avoidance of virtuosity Elimination of distinction between recitative and arias The Valkyrie Based on Norse mythology 1853 Orchestra is more prominent Starting texture is monophonic o As continues homophonic 20th Century Music o 1900 200 o Period characterized by rapid and profound changes in technology society culture and international affairs o Also a period of great fragmentation and pushing boundaries o Changes in the 20th century and effects it has on music Technology WWI and WW2 New ways of recording reproducing and creating music Expression in the arts of profound disillusionment and its counter reaction Emigration of European composers to the US Rise of US as a world power Increasing recognition and influence of American composers Global influence of American musical styles and genres Globalization Increasing access to diverse styles genres national ethnic traditions of music o Claude Debussy 1862 1918 French Composed many genres Became famous in 1902 Later