MUMH 1600Final Review: University of North TexasSPRING 2014The Middle AgesThe RenaissanceBaroqueClassicalRomantic (19th century)20th centuryBourgeoisieAristocratsChurch1900-Present1825-19001750-18251600-17501450-1600450-1450SixEras ofMusicHistoryThreeEras ofMusicPatronageMusic Terms to RememberTerm DefinitionExoticism Musical style in which rhythms, melodies or instruments evoke the color and atmosphere of far-off lands.Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a nation, normally with the belief that your country is superior to all others (think Nazi Germany).Music for national/ethnic self-identity.Tin Pan Alley Movement of people learning to play the piano after the Civil war.There was a high demand for sheet music, so publishers and producers in New York’s “Tin Pan Alley” met this demand.Symphony Piece for orchestra in 4 movements, 15-30 min long.Art Song Piece someone sings, poetry is used as text.Solo piano music Music where ONLY a piano plays.Chamber music Music for a few instruments.Program Music Music that tries to portray certain events/moods.Bel Canto Opera The most common opera in 19th century Europe.A great emphasis on beautiful singing (Bel canto)Speech-like passages sound like arias—reflective of the Bel canto style.Wagnerian Opera Operas written by Richard Wagner (1813-1883).Wagner created Complete artwork, endless melody, and leitmotifs (these terms are explained in the table as well).Ragtime Style of jazz piano music developed by Scott Joplin.Rhythm consists of two-four base and syncopated melody.Jazz Tradition of music originating in Southeastern blackAmerican folksong and dance music.Consists of many different types of music.Swing Music Type of jazz. Orchestral, more notation-based.Bebop Type of jazz.Chamber, more rote and improvisation-based.The “jazz standard” Pre-1920s American popular music.Song over performer, shared repertoire with other American song traditions.Film music A musical genre that is a sub-genre of musical theater.Used in silent films to enhance visual aspect & cover up equipment noise. Used in sound films for the same reason, but more complex. Film musicals. Sound track. Used for opening and closing credits. Diagetic and Non-Diagetic music.Pitch How high or low a note is.Dynamics How loud or soft.Piano Soft (dynamic).Forte Loud (dynamic).Crescendo Gradually gets louder (dynamics).Decrescendo Gradually gets softer (dynamics).Timbre Quality of sound (think of it in terms of tonality).Difference in sound between a trumpet and clarinet.Medium Sound & silence.Melody Line of notes in succession.Harmony Multiple pitches at the same time.Texture Range between low and high pitches.Monophonic All notes are in unisonHomophonic Two or more parts in the harmony.Polyphonic Two or more parts with independent melodies, but stillharmonizing.Accompaniment Layer of support for main melody.Form Overall structure of the musical piece.Rhythm How music occurs in time.Beat Steady pulse of the music.Meter How beats are grouped.A cappella Music with only voices.Imitative polyphony Melodic lines sound similar to each other.Word painting Writing that reflects literal meaning of song.Recitative Speaking part of Opera.Aria Melody part in Opera.Theme and variations form One musical theme with variations of that theme throughout the musical piece.Bel canto Literally “beautiful song”“complete artwork” One artist creates all of the Opera (think Wagner).“endless melody” When singers don’t have the melody, but the orchestra does.In this style, there are no distinct arias and recitatives; instead it is just one musical flow.Leitmotif Recurring themes that gain meaning in the opera based onthe context of the plot.Stride bass A musical device with leaping between the bass and harmony notes in the left hand part of a piano accompaniment.Symbolism Words means something & also evoke, suggest, or symbolize something.Debussy utilized this.Impressionism NOT A COMPLIMENT.A term coined by Louis Leroy in 1874.Ex: “At the sight of this astounding landscape, the good man thought that the lenses of his spectacles were dirty. He wiped them carefully and replaced them on his nose.” (Leroy on Pissarro, Ploughed Field).Atonality Music that lacks a tonal center (aka, key).Primitivism Music that attempts to recreate primitive aspects of music.“Head” and “choruses” in jazz form Head: Song melody performed straightforwardly.Choruses: Composed or improvised sections based on chord progression of the head.Serialism Using a series of note values to manipulate musical elements of a piece.Aleatory music 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.Electronic music Music that employs electronic elements in production.minimalism Approach to music that began in the mid-1960s.Minimal amount of material.Usually repetitive.Mainly composed by Americans.Listening Portion Remembering TipsMusic Tips to RememberAnonymous, Alleluia: Meo cara Starts out with people chanting, almost sounds kind of eerie. When I hear this one, I always think of monks standing in a huge church chanting along.MedievalByrd, Sing Joyfully This one should be pretty easy to remember, it starts out with them singing the words “Sing Joyfully..” Renaissance.Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, last movementStarts out with a trumpet, trumpet almost sounds like it has a mute in it.BaroqueHandel, Messiah, chorus “Hallelujah” Everyone should know this! They sing “Hallelujah” over and over!BaroqueHaydn, String Quartet Op. 76 No. 3, 2nd movement Starts out with strings slowly playing a beautiful melody.ClassicalMozart, Symphony No. 40, mvmt. I This one is another one that you should have heard before. It starts out with strings and an orchestra.ClassicalSchubert, “Erlkonig” Starts out with a piano playing VERY fast.Nineteenth CenturyHensel, Piano Trio Op. II, mvmt. 3 Like the name suggests, it starts out with three pianos playing separate parts. After a couple of seconds, strings join in.Nineteenth Century.Berlioz, Symphonie fantastique, mvmt. 4 Starts out with drums and then orchestra joins in. Sounds dark and eerie.Nineteenth Century.Verdi, La Traviata, Act I, final scene Opera. Starts with a lady singing.Nineteenth Century.Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act III, final scene Starts with full orchestra, sounds dark and scary. After a couple of seconds a man joins in singing. Opera.Nineteenth Century.Joplin, Maple Leaf Rag Starts with piano