HSC 4711 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 12 and blood vessels 1 Cardiovascular disease the collective term for various diseases of the heart Coronary artery disease is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries These arteries supply oxygen rich blood to your heart muscle Atherosclerosis A CVD where plaque builds up on the lining of the arteries Blood flow is reduced Arteriosclerosis Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries Arteriosclerosis can occur because of fatty deposits on the inner lining of arteries atherosclerosis calcification of the wall of the arteries or thickening of the muscular wall of the arteries from chronically elevated blood pressure hypertension Peripheral artery disease a disease in which plaque builds up in the arteries that carries blood to your head organs and limbs Stroke impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells also called cerebrovascular accident Left ventricular hypertrophy Left ventricular hypertrophy is enlargement hypertrophy of the muscle tissue that makes up the wall of your heart s main pumping chamber left ventricle Left ventricular hypertrophy develops in response to some factors such as high blood pressure that requires the left ventricle to work harder Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is a weakening of the heart muscle or another problem with the heart muscle It often occurs when the heart cannot pump as well as it should or with other heart function problems Most patients with cardiomyopathy have heart failure Congestive heart failure A condition resulting from the heart s inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body s metabolic needs blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body Plaque a deposit of fatty and other substances on the inner wall of an artery Ischemia Inadequate blood supply to a local area due to blockage of blood vessels leading to that area Treatment is directed toward increasing the circulation to the affected body area Angina a condition marked by severe pain in the chest often also spreading to the shoulders arms and neck caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart Arrhythmia a change in the heartbeat s normal pattern Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG a test to detect cardiac abnormalities by evaluating the electrical activity in the heart Sudden cardiac death a non traumatic unexpected death from cardiac arrest most often due to arrhythmia in most instances victims have underlying heart disease Aneurysm a sac formed by a distension or dilation of the artery wall Thrombus A blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of its formation Embolism a moving blood clot Transient ischemic attack a small stroke usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain causing numbness or difficulty with speech No permanent damage Heart murmur abnormal sounds during your heartbeat cycle such as whooshing or swishing made by turbulent blood in or near your heart These sounds can be heard with a stethoscope Mitral valve prolapse MVP a condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium 2 Identify modifiable and non modifiable risk factors for CVD 6 MAJOR risk factors for CVD that can be changed tobacco use high blood pressure unhealthy blood cholesterol levels physical inactivity overweight and obesity and diabetes Others include triglyceride levels psychological and social factors stress depression anxiety Major risk factors that CANNOT be changed family history of CVD heredity aging gender and ethnicity 3 For each of the following risk factors discuss why the pathophysiology it is a risk factor age family history smoking sedentary obesity hypertension dyslipidemia pre diabetes AGE About 70 of all heart attack victims are age 65 or over and 75 who suffer fatal heart attacks are over age 65 For people over 55 the incidence of stroke more than doubles in each successive decade However even people in their thirties and forties especially men can have heart attacks FAMILY HISTORY multiple genes contribute to the development of CVD and its risk factors such as high cholesterol hypertension diabetes and obesity Having a favorable set of genes decreases your risk of developing CVD Risk can be modified by lifestyle factors SMOKING 1 in 5 deaths are contributed to smoking It damages the lining in the arteries and lowers HDL good cholesterol and raises levels of triglycerides and LDL bad cholesterol Nicotine increases BP and heart rate Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke displaces oxygen in the blood reducing the amount of oxygen available to the body Smoking causes platelets to stick together restricting blood flow and leads to clotting SEDENTARY Exercise is the closest thing to a magic bullet for avoiding CVD Lowers CVD risk by decreasing blood pressure decreasing resting heart rate increase HDL levels improve the condition of blood vessels and prevent or control diabetes OBESITY Death from CVD is 2 to 3 times more likely in people with BMI 30 vs lean people with BMI between 18 5 and 24 9 Excess body fat is strongly associated with hypertension high cholesterol levels insulin resistance diabetes physical inactivity and increasing age With excess weight there must be more blood pumped throughout the body leading to elevated pressures in the heart that can lead to ventricular hypertrophy HYPERTENSION BP exceeds normal levels most of the time It weakens the heart scars and hardens arteries and can damage the eyes and kidneys DYSLIPIDEMIA elevated LDL levels or low levels of HDL PRE DIABETES healthy diet and exercise are better than medicine for avoiding diabetes A person with diabetes has elevated glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production or distribution causing damages to the endothelial cells that line arteries leading to atherosclerosis 4 For each of the following risk factors identify clinical cut points for favorable or unfavorable numbers at what numbers do you say you have the disease age family history smoking sedentary obesity hypertension dyslipidemia pre diabetes Dyslipidemia LDL 130 or HDL 40 Hypertension 140 90 mmHg Tobacco smoking or exposure to Pre diabetes mellitus IFG 100 to 125 Overweight or obesity BMI 30 kg m 2 or waist men 102 cm 40 in women 88 35 in Sedentary lifestyle 150 min mod 75 min vig 5 What are primary