Exam Two Study GuideCardiovascular Disease and Cancer- Pulmonary circulation – the portion of the heart system in, carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.- Systemic circulation – carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.- Atrium – the two upper chambers of the heart in which the blood collects before passing to the ventricles- Ventricle – the two lower chambers of the heart that pump the blood through the arteries to thelungs and other parts of the body- Vena cava – either of two large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart- Aorta – the large artery that receives the blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body- Systole – contraction phase of the heart- Diastole – relaxation phase of the heart- Vein – vessels that carries blood to the heart- Artery – vessels that carries blood away from the heart- Coronary artery – very small blood vessels that serve to exchange oxygen and nutrients betweenthe blood and tissues - Platelets – cell fragments in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots- LDL – low density lipoprotein (bad) carries a moderate amount of protein and a high amount of cholesterol- HDL – high density lipoprotein. Contains relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protecting against heart disease. - Hypertrophy – abnormal enlargement of an organ secondary to an increase in cell size- Angina pectoris – pain in the chest and often the left arm and shoulder. Caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough blood- Arrhythmia - variation in the normal rhythm of the heartbeat- Sudden cardiac death – a non-traumatic unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest. Most often due to arrhythmia, in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease- Stroke- Ischemic stroke – impeded blood flow to the brain caused by the obstruction of a blood vessel due to a clot- Hemorrhagic stroke – impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a rupture of a blood vessel- Thrombus – a blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of formation- Embolus – a blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream- Aneurysm – a sac formed by the distention or dilation of the artery wall- TIA – transient ischemic attack, a small stroke, usually temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain. Causes numbness or difficulty with speech- The heart is a four-chambered muscle - It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body - two circulatory systems.- Sinus node – pacemaker located in the right atrium that starts the electronic signal that controls you pulse rate (60-100). If anything changes in the sinus node you will have arrhythmia- Signal goes from Sinus node  AV Node  Bundle of His  bundle branch  Purkinje fibers- The Blood Vessels– Veins- Carry blood to the to the heart- Thinner walls– Arteries- Carry blood away from the heart- Thick, elastic walls which expand and relax with the volume of blood- Coronary arteries– One of the system of arteries branching from the aorta– Two large vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood– Capillaries- Tiny vessels only one cell thick- Deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the tissues and pick up oxygen-poor, waste-laden blood which returns through a system of veins to the heart to repeat the cycle- The Heart– Pulmonary circulation- Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs– Systemic circulation- Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body– Path of blood flow:- Venae Cava- Right Atrium- Right Ventricle- Pulmonary Artery – To the lungs- Pulmonary Veins- Left Atrium- Left Ventricle- Aorta– Body’s largest artery- Blood from inferior and superior vena cava goes to right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery  lung  exchange gas  pulmonary vein  left atria  left ventricle  aorta- The Heart – Systole - The period of the heart’s contracts- Blood pressure will rise, and the blood will flow out of the heart into the body– Diastole- The period of the heart’s relaxes- Blood pressure will decrease and blood will fill the heartCardiovascular disease - Leading cause of death in the U.S.- Affects more than 81 million Americans- Claims one life every 38 seconds, nearly 2,300 Americans every day- The high rate of CVD is primarily caused by Americans’ lifestyles- Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death- Both stroke and CVD are related to atherosclerosis- They are due to genetic and life style choices (smoking)Risk Factors- Two categories of increased risk of CVD1. Major risk factors2. Contributing risk factors – gender, age, alcohol and drug, psychological and social factors(depression, anxiety, angry) ethnicity. Higher triglyceride level- Major risk factors that can be changed:3. American Heart Association identified six major risk factors for CVD that can be changed including: 4. Smoking5. Obesity6. Hypertension7. Hyper lipidemia – directly related to LDL8. Diabetes9. Physical inactivityTobacco Use- The risk of developing heart disease increases up to 30% among those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home or at work. Researchers estimate that about 46,000 nonsmokers die from heart disease each year as a result of exposure to ETS.High Blood Pressure- High blood pressure is both a risk factor for many forms of CVD, including heart attacks and strokes, and is itself considered a form of CVD- Hypertension– Too much pressure against arterial walls– Primary and Secondary– Primary most common among people (grandpa who is obese doesn’t move). Can be controlled not cured. - most type that people have, obese high fat high salt diet not curable but can control it– Secondary – related to other diseases, for example a patient with hyperthyroidism hypertension is related to hyperthyroidism. This is curable if you cure the first disease. - related to other disease patient who have hyperthyroidism have hypertension iscurable is you cure the first disease that is causing the hypertension– Short periods of high blood pressure is normal but chronic high blood pressure is a health risk- Atherosclerosis– Causes arteries to become clogged and narrowed- 33% of Americans have high blood pressure, 20% of them