Cancer: abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cellsTumor (neoplasm): a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purposeBenign ( non-cancerous) tumor: made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissuesDangerous only if their physical presence interferes with body functionsMalignant Tumor: synonymous with cancerCan invade surrounding structures including blood vessels, the lymphatic system and nervesCan spread to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic circulation, producing invasive tumors in almost any part of they body** Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not**Biopsy: removal and examination of a small piece of body tissueMetastasis:Primary tumorSpreading of cancer cells, occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do , and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumorMetastasizing: the traveling and seeding process of cancer cellsCells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and lymphatic systemNew tumors are called secondary or metastasesTypes of Cancerthe behavior of tumors arising in different body organs is characteristic of the tissue of originclassified according to the types of cellsinitially retain some of the original properties of the host cellCarcinomas: arise from epithelia tissues that cover external body surfaces, line internal tubes and cavities and form secreting portion of glandsmost commonmajor sitesskin, breast, uterus, prostate, lungs, and GI tractSarcomas: arise from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscle, bone, cartilage, and the membranes covering muscle and fatLymphomas: cancers of the lymph nodes, part of the body’s infection fighting systemLeukemia: cancers of the blood-forming cells, which reside chiefly in the bone marrowIncidence of CancerEach year 1.4 million people are diagnosedThe American Cancer Society estimates that the 5 year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed between 1996 and 2003 is 66%1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer in their lifetimeSince 1991 the death rate has dropped 18% in men and 10% in womenpreventionearly detectionimproved therapyThe American Cancer Society estimates that90% of all skin cancers could be prevented87% of lung cancer could be preventedRegular screenings and self- exams could save an additional 100,000 lives per year10.8 million living Americans have a history of cancerLung Cancer: most common cause of cancer deathResponsible for 162,00 deaths each yearSince 1987 lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in womenTobacco smoking is the chief risk factor87 % of lung cancer deathswhen smoking is combined with exposure to other carcinogens, such as asbestos particles or certain pollutants, the risk of cancer can be multiplied by a factor of 10Detection:Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive stagePersistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitisDiagnosis- chest x-ray and sputum examination – fiber- optic branchosectomyTreatment:Difficult to treatCaught early treated by surgeryRadiation and chemotherapy are used in additionOnly 16% are detected prior to spreadingDetected early 49% of patients are alive 5 years pastOverall the survival rate is 15%Colon and Rectal:3rd most commonage is a key risk factordirectly linked to diet and genetic predispositionmore than 90% diagnosed are ages 50 and olderarise from preexisting polyups: small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignanciesup too 1/3 of the population is genetically proneexcessive alcohol use and smoking= increase risk factordiet low in fat and high in fiber= goodsurvival rate is 90% for detected early and 64 % overallBreast Cancer:Most common cancer in women and causes almost as many deaths as lung cancer1 in 7 women will develop; 1 in 30 will die182,000 diagnosed each year and 41,000 dieless than 1% occur in women under 30more than 75 % of breast cancer diagnosed are in women over age 50Risk Factors:early onset of menstruationlate onset of menopausehaving no children, or have first child after age 30current use of hormone replacement therapyunderlying ESTROGENEarly Detection:Mammogram ( low dose breast x-ray) : every year for women over 40Women between 20 and 39 clinical breast exam( every 3 years) and breast self exam** If a tumor is discovered before it has spread to the adjacent lymph nodes, the patient has about a 98% chance of surviving more than 5 years. Survival rate for all stages is 89% at 5 years and 80% at 10 yearsProstate Cancer:Most common cancer in menSecond leading cause of cancer death in menMore than 186,000 new cases diagnosed each year; more than 28,000 men die each yearAge is strongest predictor64% of men are over 65African American men have highest ratesAll stages near 100% survival after 5 yearsCervical Cancer:20’s and 30’sinfection by HPVassociated with multiple sex partners, smoking, and genital herpesUterine or Endometrial Cancer:Occurs after age 55Risk factors similar to those of breast cancer95% survivability after 5 yearsOvarian Cancer:Although it is rare compared with cervical and uterine cancer, it causes more deaths than the two combinedGenerally after age 60No warning signsSkin Cancer:Most common cancer of all when cases of the highly curable forms are includeOf the more than 1 million cases of skin cancer diagnoses each year 62,500 are of the most serious type, melanomaCaucasians are about 10 times more likely than AA to develop melanoma3 main types of skin cancerSquamous cell: cancer of the surface layersBasal cell: deepest layersMelanoma: malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented c ellsBasal cell and squamous cell together account for about 95% of skin cancers diagnosed each yearThe cause of CancerGene: smaller unit of DNADNA Mutations and CancerChanges the way cells functionMutagens: radiation, certain viruses and chemical substancesOncogenes: a normal gene, that when mutated, can transform a normal cell into cancerTumor suppressor genes: or anti- oncogene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. If it is mutated, it loses it functionCNS DepressantEthyl Alcohol: only alcohol that can be consumerBeer: 3-6 % alcohol by volumeAles & Malt Liquors: 6-8% alcohol by volumeTable wines: 9-14 % alcohol by