- HSC4711- Ch 13 Cancer, Ch 8 Alcohol and TobaccoWhat is Cancer?- Cancer: the abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells, which, if left untreated, can ultimately cause death- Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose- Benign: non cancerous mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of neighboring tissues- Malignant/neoplasm: cancerous tissue that invades surrounding structures, blood vessels, the lymphatic system, and nerves- Life cycle of cancer:- Genetically altered cellhyperplasiadysplasiain situ cancer invasive cancer- Metastasis: the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another- Occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumor- New tumors= metastases/secondary tumors- Cells break away from primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel thru the blood and lymphatic system- Types of cancer- Carcinomas: arise from epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces like internal tube linings, cavities, and form the secreting portion of glands; most common; - Skin, prostate, lung, and GI tract- Sarcomas: arise from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscle, bone, cartilage, and membranes covering fat and muscle- Lymphomas: cancers of the lymph nodes- Leukemia: cancers of the blood forming cells, which reside chiefly in the bone marrow- 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer during their lifetime- 5 year survival rate for all diagnosed cancers increased between ’96 and ’03 to 66%- 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed w/ cancer yearly- 1991: death rate dropped 18% in men and 10% in women- 90% of skin cancer could have been prevented; 87% of lung cancer- Lung Cancer- Most common cause of cancer death in the US; 162,000 deaths/year- Tobacco smoking contributes to 87% of lung cancer deaths and 30% of all cancer deaths- When exposed w/ environmental carcinogens, cancer risk is 10x higher- Only 16% of lung cancers are caught before they spread- Only 49% of patients are alive 5 years post diagnosis- Radiation and chemotherapy are often used in addition to surgery- Chemotherapy: treatment of cancer w/ chemicals that selectively destroy cancer cells- Diagnosis: chest x-ray or sputum examination- fiber optic bronchosectomy- Remission: period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease- Scanning electron micrograph: provides a color depiction of a small cancerous tumor w/in lungs- Colon and Rectal Cancer- Risk factors: poor diet of high fat and low fiber , genetic predisposition (1/3 genetically prone), poor lifestyle- Polyps: small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies- 90% occurs after 50 yrs of age- Bleeding from the rectum and a change in bowel habits may indicate colon cancer- Risk factors: excessive alcohol/smoking; obesity; high red/processed meat diets (eat less than 18 oz/week)- Heme iron has shown to damage linings of the colon- Treatment: chemotherapy and radiation prior to surgery; colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy- Regular screenings starting at age 50 are recommended- Breast Cancer- Most common cancer in women, causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer- 1:7 women will develop it during their lifetime; 1:30 will die from breast cancer (41,000 deaths)- 182,000 women are diagnosed w/ breast cancer a year- Risk factors: early onset menstruation, first child after 30, obesity, hormone therapy use, alcohol, high fat, high calorie diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition - Long term use of aspirin and anti inflammatory drugs reduces risk by affecting estrogen synthesis- Estrogen promotes the growth of cells in responsive sites, including the breast and the uterus- Detection: monthly self exam every month starting at age 20; clinical breast exam every 3years- Every 1-2 years starting at age 40; every year starting at age 50- Mammogram: low dose x-ray of breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer- Ultrasonography: imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor- Treatment: with biopsy to see if it is cancerous- 98% survival rate if the cells did not metastasize; 89% for all stages after 5 years; 80% chance after 10 years- Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM): act like estrogen in tissues but block estrogen effects in others- Tamoxifen: blocks the action of estrogen in breast tissue- Raloxifene: osteoporosis drug that has fewer side effects than tamoxifen- Prostate Cancer: second leading cancer death in men (186,000 new cases/year)- 28,000 deaths/year- 64% of cases diagnosed after age 65- Risk factors: African American men, genetic predisposition, high calorie/dairy products/high animal fat/low plant diets; - Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance- Soy foods, tomatoes have possible protective effects- Detection: constant urination, weak urine flow, blood in urine- Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test: a diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate specific antigen- Detected also by ultrasound and digital rectal exams- Men over 75 are more likely to die from other things so treatment is usually avoided to prevent further harm- Treatment: - Radical prostatectomy: surgical removal of prostate- May result in incontinence/erectile dysfunction- Radioactive seeds that destroy the tumor and much of the normal prostate tissue - 5 year survival rate is 100%- Hyperplasia: enlargement of the prostate that appears nodular- Cancers of the female reproductive tract- Cervical Cancer- sexually transmitted from infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) thru unprotected sex- Group of about 100 related viruses that cause warts or genital warts- Women high in HPV 16 are at a high risk; smoking, and genital herpes increases risk- Risk factors: sex b4 18 yr old, multiple sex partners, low socioeconomic status- Detection:- PAP test: scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer- Cervical dysplasia: abnormal but not cancerous cells uses PAP test in intervals- Treatment: surgical removaldestroyed using cryoscopic (ultracold) probe- Localized laser- Women 18-65 should be tested regularly- Gardasil: protects against 4 types of HPV viruses, including 2 that cause about 70% of cervical cancer cancers; also protects against vaginal and vulva cancers- Recommended for females age