COM Test 1 Review Communication Models 1 2 the most recent module of communication module 1 Transactional the components of our attitudes 1 Cognitive what we think 2 Affective what we feel emotions 3 Behavioral What we do 4 When you communicate you should impact one of these components 1 Ex only listening because a famous attractive person is talking 3 4 the levels on which communication operates the dynamic features of communication SMCRE ELM and Chapter 1 1 the SMCRE variables and the one you control most 1 Control the message the most 2 Sender message channel receiver environment 2 the two routes covered in ELM 1 Central message focused 2 Peripheral Outside the message 3 the primary motivator to process a message 1 Message relevance 4 Aristotle s appeals 1 5 study of communication Symbolic nature of Communication 1 symbols are arbitrary 1 Not necessary 2 All the different ways to say snow and rain 3 Words are not necessarily what they mean so they are arbitrary 2 abstract and ambiguous nature 1 Abstract no inherent value to the word 3 the basis of language Non verbal communication 1 Always have communicative value 2 Ambiguous nature of communication 3 Feedback 1 Different nonverbal signals can mean different things in different cultures 4 Cultural influences Listening 1 Active process 2 Stages of listening Interpreting 1 Sensing noticing that there s something you need to listen to 2 3 Evaluating 4 Responding 5 Memory How much do you retain 6 All 5 of these are equally important 3 Barriers to listening 4 Recommendations to improve listening 1 Stop Talking 2 Withhold judgement 3 Be opportunistic 4 5 Take notes 6 Repeat what you heard Look for the main and supporting points Careers in communication 1 Potential employers 2 Skills employers value 3 Skills communication majors study Perception in communication 1 Maslow s hierarchy of needs 1 Physiological Needs living wage 2 Safety security needs 3 Affiliation Needs loving belonging 4 Esteem Needs 5 Self Actualization Needs 2 Actions in perception 1 Selection 2 Organization 1 Not random 3 Schemata 4 Interpretation 1 Choosing aspects to notice size needs interests 1 Prototype scripts benchmark stereotype 1 Creating explanations internal external locus 2 3 External Its someone something else s fault something happened Internal I control myself 3 Schemes involved in perception and communication 4 Empathy 1 The ability 1 To understand others to comprehend their feelings 2 To predict how others will react to a given stimulus 3 To put yourself in the other guy s shoes Chapter 2 1 What occurs in perception a Perception The process of using the senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation b Active perception in which your mind selects organizes and interprets that which you sense c Subjective your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli i Physiological factors 1 Height weight body type sex ii Past Experiences 1 Perceptual constancy the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change iii Roles 1 Are you the boss a student parent child etc iv Present circumstances and feelings 1 Bad mood headache tired d Selection i Selective exposure ii Selective attention iii Selective perception the tendency to see hear and believe only what you want to iv Selective retention e Interpretation Perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli 2 Perceptual checking a A process of describing interpreting and verifying that helps us understand another person and his or her message more accurately i Describe to the other person the behavior including verbal and nonverbal cues you observed ii Suggest plausible interpretations iii Seek verification through clarification explanation or amplification iv Primary sources and romantic gift examples a The process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received 3 Symbolic interactions from others b Shapes you in ways that makes you what you are today c Ex punished for acting out in class rewarded for athletic skill Chapter 3 1 Sapir Whorf hypothesis a A theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes our thought processes are limited by our language and therefore that language shapes our reality b Ex The Hopi do not distinguish between nouns and verbs reflecting that people and objects are always changing c Ex colors 2 Symbolic nature of language a Words are abstractions or simplifications of what they stand for b Grammatical Errors i He don t care about me anymore compared to He doesn t care about me anymore c Slang Informal casual street language used among equals with words unsuitable for d Clich s An expression that has lost originality and force through overuse more formal contexts i He was decked in a bar fight i All in a day s work ii Ants in his pants form i I have to use the little girls room e Euphemisms A more polite pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable f Profanity Language that is disrespectful of things sacred g Jargon Language particular to a specific profession work group or culture and not meant to be understood by outsiders h Regionalisms Words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country i Hoagies po boys heros subs i Sexist language gender j Racist language skin color or ethnicity k Heterosexist implies everyone is heterosexual l Ageist denigrates people for being young or old a Restating another person s message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message b Ensures that both the speaker and the listener agree on the content and intent of the 3 Paraphrasing message Chapter 4 1 Relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication a Repeating the same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally i Ex pointing and saying where to go b Emphasizing The use of nonverbal cues to strengthen verbal messages i Ex hugging a friend and telling them you care about them c Complementing Using verbal and nonverbal codes to add meaning to each other and to expand the meaning of either message alone i Ex tone of voice gestures bodily movement d Contradicting verbal and nonverbal messages conflict i Ex intentionally in humor and sarcasm ii Ex I m fine while visually showing you re upset e Substituting Nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes i Ex giving a thumbs down up or shrug f Regulating Using nonverbal codes to monitor and control interactions with others i Ex looking away when