Introduction to Communication Notes: Chapters 7-12Chapter 7: Intercultural Communication- Intercultural Communication (162): The exchange of information betweenindividuals who are unalike culturally- Why Study Intercultural Communication? (163): o Communication with people from other cultures and co-cultures is increasingly commono Students will find themselves working with people from many different cultures because of our global economyo We are curious about people who don’t look like us, sound like us or live like uso The convergence of technologies, people around the world can now connect easilyo The influx of foreign-born immigrants, aliens and refugees in America- Culture (164): A unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people- Co-Culture (164): A group that exists within a larger, dominant culture but differs from the dominant culture in some significant characteristico Often called “marginalized groups”o Individuals can belong to many co-cultureso Ex) Afghani man moves from a culture (Afghanistan) to a co-culture (an Afghani in America)o Ex) Able-bodied wealthy white male becomes handicapped in an automobile accidento Ex) Females (not equal to men), poor people (united in powerlessness), gays (lack rights & privileges)- Assimilation Goal (165): The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant groupo Ex) They wear a suit, you wear a suit- Accommodation Goal (165): The marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant cultureo Ex) Christian woman never cuts her hair, always wears long dresses, never wears make up, but respects the right of co-workers to have their own religious beliefs without interference from her- Separation Goal (165): The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant groupo Ex) Very conservative religious groups- Amish, Hasidic Jews, black Muslimso Ex) “Workaholics”o Ex) “In your face” groups- Skinheads, Queer Nation (want to be seen)11- Ethnocentrism (166): The belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultureso Seeing and judging the world only from your own culture’s perspectiveo Ex) Thinking everyone should speak English- Cultural Relativism (166): The belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your cultureo Ex) Saying the Asian custom of bowing is weird, and ignoring a long history of bowing to one another as a sign of respect- Individualistic Cultures (168): Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness and independenceo Place “I” before “we”, value competition over cooperation, private property over public property, personal behavior over group behavior, and individual opinion over what anyone else might thinko Likely to leave home/family, change jobs, loyalty to others has limits (high rates of divorce and illegitimacy)o United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada & the Netherlands- Collectivist Cultures (168): Cultures that value the group over the individualo Place “we” before “I”o Value commitment to family/tribe/clan, cooperation, group-defined social norms/dutieso Tend to be loyal to spouse/employer/community/countryo “If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves first” – Confuciuso Venezuela, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan, Thailand- Low-Context (LC) Cultures (168): Cultures in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal styleo “Most information must be in transmitted message to make up for what is missing in the context”o Individual pride, self esteem, personal autonomy/power, ego-based emotionso People= logical and linear, rely on verbal messageso Challenging authority & communicating openly= valueso Found most frequently in individualist countries like the United States& Scandinavia- High-Context (HC) Cultures (170): Cultures in which the meaning is “preprogrammed information” understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurso “Minimal information is in the transmitted message”o Internalized understandings that don’t require speecho People= relational, intuitive, cooperative, feel harmony with nature, past-oriented, prefer traditions over change22o Asian Pacific Rim, Central America, South America- Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures (171): Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty and diversityo Have mixture of ethnic groups, religions & raceso Minimal rules, tolerate general principleso United States, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Singapore, Ireland, Hong Kong, India- Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures (171): Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty and diversityo Have lots of ruleso Reject outsiders that look and act differently from themo Japan, France, Spain, Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Peru, Chile, Russia, China, Argentina- Implicit-Rule Culture (172): A culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participantso Social rules= part of who and what you areo People= more polite, less aggressive, more accommodatingo Ex) Traditional Arab woman knows that one of the rules of her cultureis that she is to walk a few paces behind her husbando Found in: the Middle East, Africa, Latin America- Explicit-Rule Culture (172): A culture in which information, policies, procedures and expectations are explicito Social rules= developed, discussed and negotiated as you go alongo People= more combative, less willing to please, less concerned about offending otherso Ex) U.S families often discuss beforehand with their small children how the children are to act during a visit from someone of importanceo Found in: Northern/Western Europe, the United States- M-time (172): The monochronic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the futureo Time can compartmentalized, wasted, or savedo Being on time is considered important- “appointments”o Dominant in: Canada, the United States, Northern Europe- P-Time (173): The polychronic time schedule, which views time as “contextually based and relationally oriented”o Time not saved or wastedo Relationships often trump time considerationso More relaxed about timeo Dominant in: