Geography 155 Exam 3 Review Steps Where would you find a Gelisol Spodosol Alfisol Utisol Molllisol or Aridisol by place description or on a map Gelisol Alfisol Top northeast permanently frozen near surface Large amount of organic matter that has accumulated because microorganisms are inactive at such low temperatures Spodosol North of North America Needleleaf evergreen forest Agriculture is limited because acidic Pale E horizon loss of Fe Al oxides Bright B horizon Southeast US and subhumid places Temperate broadleaf deciduous forest Noteworthy clay accumulation in the B horizon Most addition of organic matter occurs as leaves fall to soil surface Support farming Alfisols also occur in drier environments Mediterranean Cattle or sheep grazing and fields of cotton and grain Moister less continental climates than the Mollisols Less weathered than Ultisols OLD Center of America Grassland Productivity of grasses is high Thick dark humus rich surface layer w strong particle structure Mollisol 1 Organic Material is added to the soil from grass roots 2 Burrowing animals mix organic material deep in soil 3 Decomposition added organic material is because long dry periods Thick dark A horizon Support most of wheat crop in US Utisol AKA Entisol Ardisol Southeast US Savanna Grassland Like Alfisol precursor to Alfisol Deeper redder fewer basecations Much older soils Desert Southwest US Arid climates Must contain some type of B horizon Slight A horizon Accumulation of clay calcium carbonate or gypsum Dust deposition is an important process in Aridisol formation Live stock overgrazing is common DRY Vertisol Whole column is soil is mixed together Homogenous What would the profile for each of those soil types look like Draw pictures Which soil forming factors account for the differences between them Time Climate Parent Material Topography Organisms What are the characteristics of entisols vertisols and histosols and what sort of setting does each occur in Non zonal soils Vertisol meets 2 conditions Entisol young soil weak A horizon 1 Climate w wet and dry seasons go back and forth 2 Smectite clay absorb water and swell Evaporate shrink crack What are minerals Flsahcards What are igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and how are different rock types within each of these groups identified Flashcards What are the things that can happen to the water from precipitation once it reaches the surface Overland Flow reaches lowest part of landscape and concentrates into spring lake channels Infiltration 1 Evaporation returned to atmosphere 2 Transpiration sucked up by roots of plants 3 Throughflow move down hill BELOW soil instead of on top 4 Groundwater water continues downward beneath surface looking for a crack or space What are the roles of substrate topography vegetation climate and land use in influencing the relative importance of overland flow and infiltration Substrate what the ground is like Texture coarse I or fine OF Soil depth shallow OF or deep I Topography Steep OF or gentle I Vegetation Impedes overland flow Sparse vegetation Dense vegetation lots of plants next to each other Infiltration Climate Indirectly affects Vegetation Freezing more overland flow of liquid on frozen ground Precipitation Intensity High OF Low I Duration Short I Long OF too much to be absorbed Land use logging OF Pasture OF Urbanization way more OF Plowing Straight rows OF Contour plowing I What is the drainage basin watershed of a stream Feeds water to stream Every stream has its own Where in a specific area precipitation would go to the same spot What would influence the drainage basin Topography Example Mountain range may influence what water goes to which drainage basin What are the 3 routes of water from slows to streams and what are their relative speeds Overland Flow AKA Runoff water from sky hits topography and runs into the stream Fastest Why would environment experience Substrate Really tiny particles Small gaps make infiltration hard THUS Overland flow Urbanization Concrete No Infiltration Topography steeper slow More overland flow Vegetation dead grass less infiltration Soil Depth Climate if ground is overly saturated Overland flow is common Throughflow Infiltration but still relatively close to surface Runs parallel to slope Groundwater Infiltration Infiltration all the way down beneath surface and over Slowest What is the recurrence interval of a flood When a major flood occurs the stream stage can reach the 100 year flood level This means that a flood of that magnitude has a 1 in 100 chance of occurring in any year What is actually meant by terms like the fifty year flood What is a short term hydrograph and what are the parts of it A short term hydrograph just enough time to see how river responds to a rainstorm Parts rising limb crest direct runoff falling limb base flow Look at picture What are the characteristics of a short term hydrograph in an environment with high overland flow and how does that differ from one with high infiltration How might the look of a short term hydrograph in an environment with high overland flow and how does that differ from one with high infiltration What is fluvial geomorphology Understanding rivers both in their natural setting as well as how they respond to human induced changes in a watershed What are sediment bedload suspended load and dissolved load Bed Load rolls slowly along the floor of the stream Largest and heaviest materials in the stream Suspended load fine sediment particles suspended and transported through the stream Too large to be dissolved but too small to lie on the bed of the stream Dissolved load invisible matter transported in the form of chemical ions What is alluvium Sediment carried by the river Occurs when river is coming out of a mountain or canyon Exiting mountains able to fan out How does the shape of a stream channel tend to reflect the type of sediment it transports What does it mean if a stream is in equilibrium Not getting any aggradation or At a point when the river does not degradation change What are degradation and aggradation and what might cause each to occur Degradation eroding the river channel and river is digging stuff out River is moving so fast that erodes a lot of material away Aggradation sediment is being deposited Large sediment slows down river and stops degradation Frozen environment Drought slows river down particles being carried aren t going to be as large How are most valleys created Formed through erosion or the