GEO 155 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11-17Lecture 11Questions1. Name the various types of source regions.2. Describe the conditions for each source region combination.3. Name the types of clouds formed by the various fronts.4. Compare cold and warm fronts.5. Which front results in the most intense precipitation?6. What is the name of the front that has no invasion, and thus, no uplift?Answers1. Polar (P), Tropical (T), Continental (c), Maritime (m)2. Continental Polar is cold, dry, and stable. Maritime Polar is less cold, humid, and less stable. Continental Tropical is hot, dry, and unstable. Maritime Tropical is less hot, humid, and very unstable.3. Warm fronts create stratus clouds. Cold fronts create cumulous clouds. Occluded fronts leave clear skies once they pass. 4. Warm fronts occur when warm air masses pass over cold air and there is frontal uplift. This may lead to rain or snow because the front intersects with the ground at the boundary between the two air masses is either warm (rain) or cold (snow). Whereas, a cold front occurs when a cold air mass passes over a warm one, the air is denser so it pushes the warm air out of the way. This results in more precipitation, which lasts for a shorter amount of time because it is a steeper front.5. The occluded front results in the most severe precipitation due to the intersection of a cold front with a warm front. The cold front moves faster and it bombards the warm front. Once it passes, the skies are clear, but the temperature drops.6. The stationary front occurs when warm air sits next to cold air and the warm air may move slightly over the cold air mass. Lecture 12Questions1. How do mid-latitude cyclones form?2. Describe the earth-sun relationship’s contribution to cyclones.3. Compare mid-latitudinal cyclones and tropical cyclones.4. Define climate.5. Name the categories of the Koppen Classification.Answers1. Mid-latitude cyclones occur because of the jet stream and an acceleration causes a low pressure in the upper atmosphere. Due to vorticity, as the jet stream moves toward the equator, the jet stream decelerates causing the mid-latitude cyclone to weaken. On the flip side, as the jet stream moves toward higher latitudes, the jet stream accelerates, causing a void of air. This forms a low pressure and rising air (dynamic uplift), which brings about the stormy weather associated with mid-latitude cyclones.2. The earth sun relationship creates an energy difference between the latitudes, which creates a latitudinal temperature gradient. This gradient creates pressure gradients aloft,where Coriolis can be found, and thus, leads to the Jet Stream. The Jet Stream requires dynamic uplift, leaving low pressure at the surface, and thus, mid-latitudinal cyclones are formed. These cyclones allow for a massive energy redistribution of the movement of cold air to a place of more energy and the movement of warm air to a place of less energy.3. Mid-latitudinal cyclones gain their energy from the Jet Stream, while tropical cyclones gain it from the warm ocean water. Mid-latitudinal cyclones occur over land and aren’t affected by water, while tropical ones always weaken over land. Mid-latitudinal havefronts and have air that rises at the center, while tropical ones do not have fronts and have sinking air at the center (clear “eye”).4. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather.5. Tropical (A), Dry (B), Mild Winter (C), Cold Winter (D), and Polar (E)Lecture 13Questions1. Examine the following climate types:a. Tropicalb. Dryc. Cool/Moderated. Cold Wintere. PolarAnswers1. The distribution of climate is as follows:b. Tropicali. Somewhere close to the equatorii. Warm/hot all yeariii. Zone of rising airiv. Migrates north (northern hemisphere summer) and migrates south (northern hemisphere winter)v. So close to the equator that there is no dry season – wet all yearvi. May have two peaks of precipitationvii. “Tropical Wet Climate”viii. Winter is dryix. Summer is wetc. Dryi. Desert/Steppe1. Subtropical Desertsa. 25-30 degrees in either hemisphereb. Warm/hot all year and cool at nightc. Dry from sinking air of Hadley Cells2. Mid-latitudinal Desertsa. Created by rain-shadow (downside of a mountain)b. Warm/hot summerc. Cold winterd. Cool/Moderate 1. Mediterranean – west coasts of the continent between 30 and 40 degreesa. Winds pass over water (conservative) – moderate temperature year roundb. Wet winterc. Dry summerd. High pressure cell at these latitudesi. Block storm systems moving toward coast, sinking air (keeps it dry in the summer); in winter, it moves a few degrees lower2. Marine West Coast – west coast greater than 40 degreesa. Moderate temperaturesb. No dry season3. Humid Subtropical Climate – more seasonal temperature variations a. Warmer summersb. Colder wintersc. Just below 30 degrees d. No dry seasone. Peak of precipitation f. Hot, humid, unstable, mT source regione. Cold Winteri. Humid Continental – colder winter, drierii. Subarctic - more severe weather conditionsf. Polari. Dryii. Cold/Cool all yearLecture 14Questions1. Name the different types of vegetative structures.2. What factors influence vegetation?3. What is allelopathy?4. What is the vegetation distribution like at the equator?5. What is the vegetation distribution like at the subtropics (tropical wet and dry climate)?Answers1. For life forms, there are single wood stemmed plants (trees), multiple short woody stemmed plants (shrubs), and non-woody plants (herbs). Forests (continuous cover of trees), savannas (scattered trees with herbaceous plants), grasslands (all herbaceous plants), and shrub-lands (shrubs) are thetypes where these are seen. Leaf characteristics are impacted by shape and time. They are either broadleaf or needle leaf, and evergreen or deciduous.2. Climate (energy and moisture); topography (micro-climate); soil (water and nutrients); biotic interactions (animal-plant; plant-plant); disturbance (fires, floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and wind throw)3. Allelopathy is when plants release toxins into the soil as to avoid other plants from competing.4. Here, it is tropical broadleaf evergreen forest because there is plenty of energy and moisture to support the biomass, there is no stressful season, and this is the most efficient leaf shape to collect sun.5. Transect to the subtropics, it is increasingly dry-season deciduous because this