SoilsHydrologyOverland flowInfiltrationDrainage BasinMechanisms that Influence Infiltration vs. Overland FlowHydrographFloodsFluvial GeomorphologyBedloadSuspended LoadGlacierContinental GlaciersGlacial DriftAlpine GlaciersBadlandsGEO 155 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture TectonismOutline of Current LectureI. ReviewII. SlidesCurrent LectureSoilsGelisols- Frozen soil- Does not change a lot- One layer of A or ESpodisols- Subarctic areas, Needle-leaf evergreen forest- Shallow A Horizon - Red soilAlfisols- Polar climate, Broadleaf deciduous forest- Deep A Horizon- Prominent O Horizon- E Horizon loses clay to B horizonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o B horizon is more compactableUltisols- Oldest soil- Found in South- Lost a lot of its nutrients- Shallower A Horizon- Thicker O horizonMollisols- Found in prairies- Darker, thicker A HorizonAridisols- Drier climates of the southwest- No distinction between E and B horizono No rain- Shallow A horizonEntisols- Younger soilsVertisols- Vertical mixing of soils allows a homogenous soil mixtureHistosols- Thick A and O Horizon- Swamp-land soilsHydrologyOverland flow- Fastest movement of waterInfiltration- Through flowo Second fastest- Groundwater flowo SlowestDrainage Basin- Area in which precipitation would enter and all of the water ends up going to the same basin- Watershed- CatchmentMechanisms that Influence Infiltration vs. Overland Flow1. Topographya. Steep – overland flowb. Flat – infiltration2. Vegetationa. Raindrop splash – vegetation prevents impact of rain, slowing down the rain, and preventing the movement of soil particlesi. Dense vegetation – infiltration3. Climatea. More precipitation – more overland flowb. Evaporation (amount of sunlight)i. Low latitude climates have more infiltration where there is more sunlight4. Land Usea. Rural – infiltrationb. Urban – overland flowc. Contour plowing – infiltrationi. Plowing along the elevation lines5. Substratea. Texture and depth of soili. Larger soil particles – infiltrationii. Deeper – infiltrationHydrograph- Rapid hydrograph – narrow discharge, larger in severity, short-lastingo Overland flow- Flood peak- Base-flow - amount of water that enter the system- Lag – time between the rainfall and flood peak- Duration – time between base-flow from start of flood to endFloods- Recurrence interval – average time of an expected flood of a given sizeFluvial Geomorphology- How rivers change the environment1. Aggradation – building up2. Degradation – taking away soil3. Equilibrium – stream isn’t depositing and removing sediment- Stream terrace – flat surface left when a river erodes- Rivers create V-shaped valleyso Glaciers form U-shaped valleyso Most valleys are formed by rivers- Rivers carry sediment by:1. Bedload – largest, sediment moves along bottom of river2. Suspended – smaller; carried by current3. Dissolved- Alluvium fan – occurs at end of mountains- River delta – same as alluvium fan but from river to oceanBedload- Shallow, wide- Friction- Slower movement of water- Braided channelSuspended Load- No friction- Deep, narrow- Faster movement of waterGlacier- Net accumulation of ice and snow each year, and movement of this snow and iceo Moves by a slope (alpine)- Zone of ablationo Loss of snow and ice- Zone of accumulationo Gain of snow and ice- Pleistocene – period of maximum glacial extent- Occurs at high altitudes and high latitudesContinental GlaciersDepositional Features1. Drumlinsa. Direction of glacial movement, in smoother narrower part2. Kamea. Cone-shaped hill formed where sediment deposited3. Eskera. Elongated, stretch of land, smooth on all sidesb. Created in tunnel4. Kettlea. Raised where till was deposited, depression created, water fills inGlacial Drift- Sediment carried by a glacier1. Tilla. Unsorted, carried by ice2. Outwasha. Sorted, carried by streamAlpine GlaciersErosional Features:1. Cirque2. Aretea. Ridge with two sides eroded away3. Horn Peaka. Sharp point of a mountain, all sides eroded away4. Tarna. LakeBadlands- Chadron – curved hillso Infiltrationo Creepo Erosion concentrated on topo Wet climate- Brule – sharp hillso Overland flowo Sheet erosiono Even erosiono Dry- Doline – sinkhole from acid rain, especially in
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