Corrections Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Overview of Chapters INTRO Over time how did research on crime shift Crime shifted from the offenders and causes of crime to the meaning and consequences of past and present crime control efforts What is net widening The tendency of penal reformers to sequentially extend control over more of the base population rather to provide alternative control Chapter 2 Colonial America How were Colonial America s strong English ties expressed In the form of small closely knit colonial communities How were Colonial America s punishment practices portrayed Portrayed as functional and responsive to the context beliefs and needs of the religious beliefs of the era Chapter 3 Period of Transition In the period of transition what was a form of punishment Incarceration imprisonment In the period of transition how is crime and punishment interpreted Associated with What s the reasoning behind this Crime and Punishment are interpreted within the paradigm of free will and associated with Classical School The reasoning is if the consequences of crime are more painful than they are pleasurable specific and general deterrence is accomplished therefore preventing crime During the period of transition what is the focus of incarceration Focus is using imprisonment to provide swift and sure punishment Chapter 4 Nationwide Proliferation and Refinement of the Penitentiary Urban disenchantment look in textbook for definition During the time of urban disenchantment what lost its influence What was the new belief system Notions of free will lost some of its influence The belief was now that crime was a moral disease brought on by the socially disorganized and evil influences of the city During the time of urban disenchantment what purposes did prisons serve Prisons now served the dual purpose of correcting the prisoner through disciple obedience and regimen During the time of urban disenchantment what was the purpose of the prison walls The purpose of the prison was not only to keep the prisoners in them but to prevent the evil city from contaminating the well ordered prison environment Chapter 5 Progressivism What is progressivism call for Individualized treatment and offender rehabilitation and increased government action to respond to industrialization urbanization social problems including crime What was different about progressivism vs other time periods Combined efforts of government and science to resolve crime and urban problems During progressivism what penal reform alternatives were introduced Indeterminate sentencing parole and probation During progressivism how did prison wardens treat parole and indeterminate sentencing Like control tools During progressivism how did judges use probation Judges used probation to enhance their sanctioning options Chapter 6 What happened between 1900 and the 1960 s regarding juvenile courts Juvenile courts proliferated throughout the country and expanded their scope and made the youth population subject to their control What was the importance of the new juvenile courts The new juvenile courts had a medicalized philosophy and associated methods of individual treatment and rehabilitation while stimulating a broadly embraced ideological ethos What accelerated the Court s individual treatment and rehab functions Accelerated by the criminal justice system s handling of adult criminal offenders and by the mental health system in its handling of the mentally ill Chapter 2 Public Punishment in Colonial America 1600 1790 Nature of Society What was the nature of colonial society How was order made possible Colonial society was organized around community church and family Order was made possible by worshipping the church marrying neighbors and the sharing of resources What did the community look like in colonial societies Small closely knit communities Well stocked with moral monitors who did not miss much in the goldfish bowl existence of daily life In colonial society how were outsiders viewed Outsiders were feared and resisted because they posted a threat to the stable community In colonial society how did they view obedience Obedience was to the highest authority of God or parents ministers and masters In colonial society what were laws based on Especially involving strangers and newcomers to the society laws were based largely on concerns over the visitor s faith and the likelihood of being unable to support themselves What did some colonies in colonial times require outsiders to do Required outsiders to furnish a certificate of good standing from the community of previous residence In order to survive and thrive in a colonial society communities needed to Remain small and founded on shared faith and cooperation and not tolerate religious diversity What did some settlers regard their communities as in past colonial societies Religious experiments or plantations of religion Beliefs In a colonial society how was crime viewed Crime Sin Crimes were consequences of the active forces of the devil How was an offense against God viewed in colonial societies An offense against God was viewed as a crime against society T or F in colonial societies they do not perceive crime to be an entrenched social problem True They did not perceive crime to be an entrenched social problem What are some examples of Criminal activities in colonial societies Profanity drunkenness sarcasm flirting gossiping and being unemployed What were women were most often charged with in colonial societies The offenses of witchcraft fornication bastardy and infanticide Methods of Punishment In colonial societies Informal social control precluded the need for what Formal law enforcement except an outside enemy threat What would happen to outsiders who committed crimes in a colonial society They were treated more harshly An outsider who committed begging would be banished or shamed before the community by whipping or stoning What were some methods of punishment in colonial societies How were they administered Fines whippings mutilation shaming techniques banishment and death Administered individually or in combinations How was punishment of crime sin viewed in colonial times Punishment of crime sin was seen as morally right and deserved Why was the notion of rehabilitation inconceivable to people of colonial times The notion of rehabilitation was inconceivable because colonists had no real expectation of stopping crime by curing fixing offenders everything that occurred was