CJC 3011 Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 10 11 12 13 14 1 Cumulative Question Chapter 10 Decentralizing Corections 1960 s 1970 s Decentralization Movement Outgrowth of same social context that spawned prisoner rights movement Prisons mental hospitals orphanages were impervious to reform improvement Rather than refine reform focus shifted to emptying these systems Rather than institutionalization focus on community of care community corrections Labeling Theory Focus on damaging behavior of justice system rather than illicit behavior of offender Argues interaction with CJ System can actually create intensify perpetuate crim Behavior State labels stigmatizes offenders subjecting them to crim Associations that in turn make criminal careers more likely No longer more is better Replace formal processing of offenders with various informal preferably voluntary forms of community treatment Primary Deviance Range of deviant or criminal acts committed for a variety of situational or personal reasons Deviant acts are spontaneous or situational forms of behavior Secondary Deviance Occurs when actor no longer detaches his her deviant behavior form his her self identity Shifting from Primary Secondary occurs when actor no longer assumes deviant self identity over time followed by secondary deviance which re affirms individuals deviant identity Community private non profit and for profit agencies volunteer organizations various partnerships between local governments and other non gov entities Dramatization of Evil Initiated in response to normal youthful misbehavior Process of making the criminal tagging identifying segregating turns into evoking emphasizing undesirable traits Tannenbaum based programs Youths entering justice system forced companionship with other defined children To avoid this CJ System should utilize diversion deinstitutionalization community Lab Theo s Interesting Argument That CJ Systems arresting trying imprisoning rehabilitating offenders actually cause crime Lab Theo s Primary Intention Reduce CJ System intervention into the lives of offenders Youth offenders are to be diverted from the system whenever possible Omnibus Crime Control and safe streets act Act established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration LEAA LEAA Founded to implement a national strategy for waging America s War on Crime Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice Task forces to deal with organized crime drugs and crime police courts penology juvenile justice Published The Challenges of Crime in a Free Society crime can t be solved through CJ System expansion Suggested numerous pre judicial dispositions Ex Diversion Deinstitutionalization 1968 Safe Streets Act Launch nationwide implementation and decentralization reforms and other presidential task force recommendations Provided major grant in aid program to assist states local gov in efforts to control crime Diversion Deinstitutionalization Community Corrections Focus of decentralization and fed Funding of reform initiatives Commissions Results Crime delinquency not merely acts of individual deviance but patterned behaviors resulting from a variety of societal influences beyond reaches of probation officers correctional counselors psychiatrists LEAA s focused funding on diverting offenders from CJ System began with juvenile diversion programs eventually community programs too Diversion Juvenile diversion program beginning of decentralization movement Youth Service Bureaus were to handle majority of juvenile diverted cases System Modification Specifies that diversion programs are intended to provide police and juvenile court intake staff w alternatives to traditional juvenile justice processing In order to minimize youths contact w formal CJ System Empirical Studies on Diversion Results Patterned outcome of Net Widening penal reform alternatives implemented as supplements end up increasing overall proportion of base population subject to some form of correctional control Diversion Effects Continued Div programs drew bulk of participants from groups previously not subject to imminent official justice agency processing Involved diverted youths siblings parents to further increasing net widening Net widening Results Increase client jeopardy official system penetration behavior difficulties Double jeopardy if subject failed diversion strategy returned for prosecutor Families faced difficulty in family therapy could result in roping in siblings into corr Programs too Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 Second wave of decentralization Recognized need for a comprehensive continual well funded approach Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention OJJDP Agency within LEAA To accommodate goal of Juvenile Justice Prevention Act of 1974 Goals 1 Reduce the use of secure confinement 2 Encourage development of community treatment alternatives 1972 Massachusetts Program Jerome Miller shut down states training schools Led to 1974 act which established eligibility for fed Funds being contingent upon deinstitutionalization progress Major Incentive Led to nationwide legislative policy implementation Results of Deinstitutionalization Movement Wasn t implemented as intended therefore its reports as a program failure actually has been a general failure to implement the progress properly The goals cannot be readily seen in the practices Decentralizing Adult Corrections LEAA initiated Exemplary Projects Program identified programs w proven merit Des Moines Program provided several graduated community based service alternatives to traditional CJ sanctions for minor non violent offenders Provided prior post alternatives to trial 4 Graduated Components 1 Release on recognizance 2 Supervised Release pretrial release 3 Intensive probation 4 Residential facility services work release centers Replication failure in other cities Decentralization Not Less More Results Manifest Danger offender who posed most danger sought formal system rather than differentiating handling of offenders diversion deinstitutionalization community programs substantially expanded corr Populations contradicts labeling theory Increase caseloads Overarching Conclusion Rehabilitative programs had little effect on recidivism Nothing works LEAA abolished in 1980 Failure of 1970 s reform led to law and order reform of 1980 s Chapter 11 Conservation and Law and Order Punishment 1980 s 1990 s Reagans New Day campaign smaller more conservative